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graminearum genome. We demonstrate that virus-mediated over-expression is a useful tool to provide novel information about gene/protein function when results from gene deletion/disruption experimentation were uninformative.Evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has seen a paradigm shift in the last decade. Evidence increasingly supports the clinical utility of CCTA across various stages of CAD, from the detection of early subclinical disease to the assessment of acute chest pain. Additionally, CCTA can be used to noninvasively quantify plaque burden and identify high-risk plaque, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This is especially important in the evaluation of CAD in immune-driven conditions with increased cardiovascular disease prevalence. Emerging applications of CCTA based on hemodynamic indices and plaque characterization may provide personalized risk assessment, affect disease detection, and further guide therapy. This review provides an update on the evidence, clinical applications, and emerging technologies surrounding CCTA as highlighted at the 2019 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute CCTA Summit.<br />Women and minorities are under-represented in cardiovascular disease (CVD) specialties. It remains unknown how characteristics of the CVD learning environment affect diversity and how program directors (PDs) approach these critical issues.<br />The second annual Cardiovascular PD Survey aimed to investigate characteristics of the CVD learning environment that may affect diversity and strategies PDs use to approach these issues.<br />The survey contained 20 questions examining U.S.-based CVD PD perceptions of diversity in CVD and related characteristics of the CVD fellowship learning environment.<br />In total, 58% of PDs completed the survey. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lificiguat-yc-1.html check details] Responding programs demonstrated geographic diversity. The majority were university-based or -affiliated. A total of 86% of PDs felt diversity in CVD as a field needs to increase, and 70% agreed that training programs could play a significant role in this. In total, 89% of PDs have attempted to increase diversity in fellowship recruitment. The specific strategies used were assorected toward the fellowship learning environment. The CVD community has opportunities to standardize strategies and provide national resources to support PDs in these critical efforts.<br />Clinical studies have reported that epicardial adipose tissue (EpAT) accumulation associates with the progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) pathology and adversely affects AF management. The role of local cardiac EpAT deposition in disease progression is unclear, and the electrophysiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly defined.<br />The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying mechanisms by which EpAT influences the atrial substrate for AF.<br />Patients without AF undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were recruited. Computed tomography and high-density epicardial electrophysiological mapping of the anterior right atrium were utilized to quantify EpAT volumes and to assess association with the electrophysiological substrate in situ. Excised right atrial appendages were analyzed histologically to characterize EpAT infiltration, fibrosis, and gap junction localization. Co-culture experiments were used to evaluate the paracrine effects of EpAT on cardiomyocyte electrindings indicate that atrial pathophysiology is critically dependent on local EpAT accumulation and infiltration. In addition to myocardial architecture disruption, this effect can be attributed to an EpAT-cardiomyocyte paracrine axis. The focal adhesion group proteins are identified as new disease candidates potentially contributing to arrhythmogenic atrial substrate.<br />Aortic dissection (AD) is a life-threatening emergency. However, the heritability and association of family history with late outcomes are unclear.<br />The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of family history of AD on the incidence and prognosis of AD and estimate the heritability and environmental contribution in AD in Taiwan.<br />Both cross-sectional and cohort studies were conducted using Taiwan National Health Insurance database. A registry parent-offspring relationship algorithm was used to reconstruct the genealogy of this population for heritability estimation. The cross-sectional study included 23,868 patients with a diagnosis of AD in 2015. The prevalence and adjusted relative risks (RRs) were evaluated, and the liability threshold model was used to examine the effects of heritability and environmental factors. Furthermore, a 110 propensity score-matched cohort comprising AD patients with or without a family history of AD was included to compare late outcomes in the cohort study.<br />A famif AD.<br />There remains a paucity of real-world observational evidence comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD).<br />This study compared early and long-term outcomes of PCI versus CABG in patients with diabetes.<br />Clinical and administrative databases in Ontario, Canada were linked to obtain records of all patients with diabetes with angiographic evidence of 2- or 3-vessel CAD who were treated with either PCI or isolated CABG from 2008 to 2017. A 11 propensity score match was performed to account for baseline differences. All-cause mortality and the composite of myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, stroke, or death (termed major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events [MACCEs]) were compared between the matched groups using a stratified log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model.<br />A total of 4,519 and 9,716 patients underwent PCI and CABG, respectively. Before matching, patients who underwent CABG were significantly younger (age 65.7 years vs. 68.3 years), were more likely to be men (78% vs. 73%) and had more severe CAD. Propensity score matching based on 23 baseline covariates yielded 4,301 well-balanced pairs. There was no difference in early mortality between PCI and CABG (2.4% vs. 2.3%; p=0.721) after matching. The median and maximum follow-ups were 5.5 and 11.5 years, respectively. All-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.39; 95%CI 1.28 to 1.51) and overall MACCEs (HR 1.99; 95%CI 1.86 to 2.12) were significantly higher with PCI compared with CABG.<br />In patients with multivessel CAD and diabetes, CABG was associated with improved long-term mortality and freedom from MACCEs compared with PCI.<br />In patients with multivessel CAD and diabetes, CABG was associated with improved long-term mortality and freedom from MACCEs compared with PCI.