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ortant role of PAF.<br />Glioma is the most aggressive and lethal tumor of the central nervous system. Owing to the cellular heterogeneity, the invasiveness, and blood-brain barrier (BBB), current therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are poorly to obtain great anti-tumor efficacy. However, peptides, a novel type of therapeutic agent, displayed excellent ability in the tumor, which becomes a new molecule for glioma treatment.<br />We review the current knowledge on peptides for the treatment of glioma through a PubMed-based literature search.<br />In the treatment of glioma, peptides can be used as (i) decoration on the surface of the delivery system, facilitating the distribution and accumulation of the anti-tumor drug in the target site;(ii) anti-tumor active molecules, inhibiting the growth of glioma and reducing solid tumor volume; (iii) immune-stimulating factor, and activating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment or recruiting immune cells to the tumor for breaking out the immunosuppression by glioma cells.<br />The application of peptides has revolutionized the treatment of glioma, which is based on targeting, penetrating, anti-tumor activities, and immunostimulatory. Moreover, better outcomes have been discovered in combining different kinds of peptides rather than a single one. Until now, more and more preclinical studies have been developed with multifarious peptides, which show promising results in vitro or vivo with the model of glioma.<br />The application of peptides has revolutionized the treatment of glioma, which is based on targeting, penetrating, anti-tumor activities, and immunostimulatory. Moreover, better outcomes have been discovered in combining different kinds of peptides rather than a single one. Until now, more and more preclinical studies have been developed with multifarious peptides, which show promising results in vitro or vivo with the model of glioma.Adrenergic β-blockers are used to treat many conditions, including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, angina pectoris, migraine, and tremors. The majority of the β-blockers, including propranolol, metoprolol, acebutolol, alprenolol, betaxolol, carvedilol, nebivolol, and oxprenolol are metabolised majorly by CYP2D6, and bisoprolol is primarily metabolised by CYP3A4 enzymes. The drugs inhibiting or inducing them may alter the pharmacokinetics of those β-blockers. The plasma concentrations of propranolol might be elevated by the concomitant use of drugs such as SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine), SNRIs (Duloxetine), and cimetidine, while the plasma concentrations of metoprolol are increased by the concurrent use of SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine), amiodarone, celecoxib, cimetidine, terbinafine, and diphenhydramine. β-blockers can also interact pharmacodynamically with drugs, including fluoroquinolones, antidiabetic agents, and NSAIDs. In addition, β-blockers may interact with herbs such as curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, Schisandra chinensis, green tea, guggul, hawthorn, St. John's wort, and Yohimbine . This article focuses on clinically relevant drug interactions of β-blockers with commonly prescribed medications. In addition to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug interactions, recommendations for clinical practice are highlighted. The prescribers and the pharmacists are needed to be aware of the drugs interacting with β-blockers to prevent possible adverse drug interactions.In vivo biotransformation of exposed chemicals is one of the major factors that determine the concentration and the duration of a substance at the systemic site of effect. Given that toxicity is expressed as a function of two factors, namely dose and time, the type and intensity of the toxicity are directly dependent on the chemical transformation of the exposed parent substance. This dependency involves two different situations. The amount of the chemical reaching the target will be decreased with the extent of metabolism if the parent chemical is toxic. The opposite is true if the metabolite(s) is toxic instead. To date, the liver microsomal fraction in mammals has been justifiably considered the centre of biotransformation reactions as the liver and microsomes (i.e., endoplasmic reticulum component of the cell) possess the most abundant types and quantities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, especially the cytochrome P450 supergene enzyme family. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Verteporfin(Visudyne).html Verteporfin nmr] These enzymes are common in all kingdoms of life, which strongly suggests that the origin of life is common. It is already known that various drugs enter mitochondria by different mechanisms, and this translocation is believed to be responsible for mitochondrial effects that are part of the therapeutic actions of various drugs such as lipid-lowering statins or antidiabetogenic thiazolidindiones. However, the discovery of mitochondrial forms of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes provoked discussions about whether mitochondria metabolize drugs and other chemicals to some extent. This possibility may particularly be important as mitochondria have various critical cellular structures and functions. In the case of in situ generated metabolite(s), when there are adverse interactions with either these structures or functions, various toxic outcomes may appear. In this review, we compiled studies in the literature regarding biotransformation of drugs and other chemicals catalysed by mitochondria, where it is both an initiator and target of toxicity.<br />Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix plus Semen Vaccariae are traditional Chinese medicines, which have been widely applied in the treatment of migraine and erectile dysfunction (ED) for many years. The aim of this study is to verify the effect of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix plus Semen Vaccariae in improving migraine-induced ED and explore its potential mechanism.<br />Key targets and signaling pathways of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix plus Semen Vaccariae in migraine-induced erectile dysfunction treatment were predicted by network pharmacology. A rat model of migraine was established by nitroglycerin injection. Apomorphine was injected into rats to screen the migraine-induced erectile dysfunction model, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix-Semen Vaccariae granule suspension administered, and erectile function evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to compare the histological structure of the penile tissue, while RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to determine mRNA and protein levels, respectively.<br />Screening allowed us to identify common targets for migraine and ED; the signaling pathway exhibiting the greatest change the Myosin light chain kinase- Calcium (MLCK-CaM) signal pathway.