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05). (2) Supplementing the maternal diet with 12,000 IU/kg VA increased immune organ weight, the immune organ index and immunoglobulin content in goslings (P less then 0.05). The bursa weight and IgG content of offspring were higher in the 9,000 IU/kg VA supplementation group than in the group with no supplementation (P less then 0.05). Conclusion Offspring growth and development were affected by the amount of VA added into maternal diet. The negative effect of maternal VA deficiency on offspring can be compensated by adding VA to the offspring diet. Continued VA supplementation in the offspring diet after excessive VA supplementation in the maternal diet is unfavorable for gosling growth and development.Evaluating amino acid requirements, specifically threonine requirements, in horses will enable better feed formulation and result in economic production, improved animal health, and reduced environmental pollution. However, the current knowledge of protein and amino acid requirements in horses is still limited. Because horses have a unique digestive system and consume a variety of feed ingredients, their protein digestibility may be affected than other species by different feed composition, and thus amino acid requirements are susceptible to vary between situations. Therefore, a careful evaluation of amino acid requirements with a proper method is needed for various conditions. This review will also provide comprehensive information that needs to be considered when designing an amino acid requirement study in horses.Kisalaya Cohort was established in 2008, providing integrated antenatal care and HIV testing in order to reduce adverse birth outcomes and pediatric HIV infections. The program used a mobile clinic model to deliver health education, antenatal car and HIV/STI testing and management to pregnant women. This cohort includes pregnant women residing in 144 villages of Mysuru Taluk (rural) who received antenatal care through the mobile clinic and delivered their infants between 2008 and 2011. Of the 1,940 women registered for antenatal care at primary health care centers during this time period and 274 Antenatal mothers identified by the research team, 1,675 (74.6%) women were enrolled in the Kisalaya cohort. Once women enrolled in the Kisalaya cohort gave birth, the cohort expanded to include the mother-infant dyads with a retention rate of 100% for follow-up visits at 15 days and at six months post-delivery. Baseline data collected during Kisalaya study includes both questionnaire based data and laboratory based investigations. Presently, a study entitled Early life influences on adolescent mental health A life course study of the Kisalaya Birth Cohort in South India is being planned during 2019-2020. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elexacaftor.html learn more] The study data are not freely available, but the Kisalaya Cohort Team would welcome collaborations with other researchers. For further information contact Dr. Purnima Madhivanan at (pmadhivanan@email.arizona.edu).Objectives Since the first novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19) patient was diagnosed on 20-Jan, about 30 patients were diagnosed in Korea until 17-Feb. However, 5,298 more patient were confirmed until 4-Mar. The purpose is to estimate and evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures using mathematical modeling. Methods Deterministic mathematical model(SEIHR) has been established to suit the Korean outbreak. The number of confirmed patients in Daegu and North Gyeongsang Province(Daegu/NGP), the main area of outbreak, were used. The first patient's symptom onset date was assumed on 22-Jan. We estimate the reproduction number(R), and the effect of preventive measures, assuming that the effect has been shown from 29-Feb. or 5-Mar. Results The estimated R in Hubei Province was 4.2655, while the estimated initial R in Korea was 0.5555, but later in Daegu/NGP, the value was between 3.4721 and 3.5428. When the transmission period decreases from 4 days to 2 days, the outbreak finished early, but the peak of the epidemic has increased, and the total number of patients has not changed much. If transmission rate decreases about 90% or 99%, the outbreak finished early, and the size of the peak and the total number of patients also decreased. Conclusion To early end of the COVID-19 epidemic, efforts to reduce the spread of the virus such as social distancing and mask wearing are absolutely crucial with the participation of the public, along with the policy of reducing the transmission period by finding and isolating patients as quickly as possible through efforts by the quarantine authorities.Objectives Epidemiologic evidence for associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and tuberculosis (TB) risk is accumulating. Two previous studies in South Korea found the association between air pollution and TB, particularly for SO2. In this study, we conducted an annual time-series cross-sectional study to assess the effect of PM10 on TB risk in seven major cities of South Korea from 2010 to 2016, taking into account the time lag and long-term cumulative exposure. Methods Age-standardized TB notification rates were identified using the Korea National TB Surveillance System. Annual averages of PM10 concentrations were obtained from annual Korean air quality reports. We applied a generalized linear mixed model with unconstrained distributed lags of exposure. We adjusted for potential confounders such as age, health behaviors and area-level characteristics. Results We found that annual PM10 averages decreased over time and age-standardized TB notification rates also decreased over time. The association between cumulative exposure to PM10 and TB incidence increased as longer exposure duration was considered. One standard deviation increase (5.63 ㎍/m3) of PM10 for six years was associated with 1.197 (95% CI 1.171, 1.225) times higher TB notification rate. The marginal association of exposure duration with TB notification rate was highest at four and five year prior to TB notification. This association remained consistent even after exposure to SO2 was adjusted for. Conclusion The finding of this study suggests that the effect of cumulative exposure to PM on TB risk may exist and its lag effect may also exist.