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Copper deficiency reduces plant growth, male fertility, and seed set. The contribution of copper to female fertility and the underlying molecular aspects of copper deficiency-caused phenotypes are not well known. We show that among copper deficiency-caused defects in Arabidopsis thaliana were also the increased shoot branching, delayed flowering and senescence, and entirely abolished gynoecium fertility. The increased shoot branching of copper-deficient plants was rescued by the exogenous application of auxin or copper. The delayed flowering was associated with the decreased expression of the floral activator, FT. Copper deficiency also decreased the expression of senescence-associated genes, WRKY53 and SAG13, but increased the expression of SAG12. The reduced fertility of copper-deficient plants stemmed from multiple factors including the abnormal stigma papillae development, the abolished gynoecium fertility, and the failure of anthers to dehisce. The latter defect was associated with reduced lignification, the upregulation of copper microRNAs and the downregulation of their targets, laccases, implicated in lignin synthesis. Copper-deficient plants accumulated ROS in pollen and had reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in both leaves and floral buds. This study opens new avenues for the investigation into the relationship between copper homeostasis, hormone-mediated shoot architecture, gynoecium fertility, and copper deficiency-derived nutritional signals leading to the delay in flowering and senescence.<br />A large proportion of patients with cancer suffer from breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP). Several unmet clinical needs concerning BTcP treatment, such as optimal opioid dosages, are being investigated. In this analysis the hypothesis, we explore with an unsupervised learning algorithm whether distinct subtypes of BTcP exist and whether they can provide new insights into clinical practice.<br />Partitioning around a k-medoids algorithm on a large data set of patients with BTcP, previously collected by the Italian Oncologic Pain Survey group, was used to identify possible subgroups of BTcP. Resulting clusters were analyzed in terms of BTcP therapy satisfaction, clinical features, and use of basal pain and rapid-onset opioids. Opioid dosages were converted to a unique scale and the BTcP opioids-to-basal pain opioids ratio was calculated for each patient. We used polynomial logistic regression to catch nonlinear relationships between therapy satisfaction and opioid use.<br />Our algorithm identified 12 distinct BTcP clis work supports the theory that the optimal dose of BTcP opioids depends on the dose of basal opioids and identifies novel values that are possibly useful for future trials. These results will allow us to target BTcP therapy on the basis of patient characteristics and to define a precision medicine strategy also for supportive care.<br />To detect alterations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, measure homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), and correlate these findings with clinical outcome in patients with leiomyosarcoma (LMS).<br />Patients with LMS treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) Cancer Center who consented to prospective targeted next-generation sequencing with MSK-IMPACT were screened for oncogenic somatic variants in one of 33 DDR genes; where feasible, an experimental HRD score was calculated from IMPACT data. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated after stratifying patients by DDR gene alteration status and HRD score.<br />Of 211 patients with LMS, 20% had an oncogenic DDR gene alteration. Univariable analysis of PFS in 117 patients who received standard frontline chemotherapy in the metastatic setting found that an altered homologous recombination pathway gene was significantly associated with shorter PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.07;<br />= .035). Non-<br />homologous recombinat. HRD score calculated from a targeted exome panel did not discern disparate clinical outcomes.<br />Limited data are available on the prevalence and clinical impact of Lynch syndrome (LS)-associated genomic variants in non-European ancestry populations. We identified and characterized individuals harboring LS-associated variants in the ancestrally diverse Bio<br />Biobank in New York City.<br />Exome sequence data from 30,223 adult Bio<br />participants were evaluated for pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and predicted loss-of-function variants in<br />,<br />,<br />, and<br />. Survey and electronic health record data from variant-positive individuals were reviewed for personal and family cancer histories.<br />We identified 70 individuals (0.2%) harboring LS-associated variants in<br />(n = 12; 17%),<br />(n = 13; 19%),<br />(n = 16; 23%), and<br />(n = 29; 41%). The overall prevalence was 1 in 432, with higher prevalence among individuals of self-reported African ancestry (1 in 299) than among Hispanic/Latinx (1 in 654) or European (1 in 518) ancestries. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sc75741.html SC75741 solubility dmso] Thirteen variant-positive individuals (19%) had a personal history, and 19 (27%) had a family history of an LS-related cancer. LS-related cancer rates were highest in individuals with<br />variants (31%) and lowest in those with<br />variants (7%). LS-associated variants were associated with increased risk of colorectal (odds ratio [OR], 5.0;<br />= .02) and endometrial (OR, 30.1;<br />= 8.5 × 10<br />) cancers in Bio<br />Only 2 variant-positive individuals (3%) had a documented diagnosis of LS.<br />We found a higher prevalence of LS-associated variants among individuals of African ancestry in New York City. Although cancer risk is significantly increased among variant-positive individuals, the majority do not harbor a clinical diagnosis of LS, suggesting underrecognition of this disease.<br />We found a higher prevalence of LS-associated variants among individuals of African ancestry in New York City. Although cancer risk is significantly increased among variant-positive individuals, the majority do not harbor a clinical diagnosis of LS, suggesting underrecognition of this disease.<br />For immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, where the efficacy does not necessarily increase with the dose, the maximum tolerated dose may not be the optimal dose for treating patients. For these novel therapies, the objective of dose-finding trials is to identify the optimal biologic dose (OBD) that optimizes patients' risk-benefit trade-off.<br />We propose a simple and flexible Bayesian optimal interval phase I/II (BOIN12) trial design to find the OBD that optimizes the risk-benefit trade-off. The BOIN12 design makes the decision of dose escalation and de-escalation by simultaneously taking account of efficacy and toxicity and adaptively allocates patients to the dose that optimizes the toxicity-efficacy trade-off. We performed simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the BOIN12 design.<br />Compared with existing phase I/II dose-finding designs, the BOIN12 design is simpler to implement, has higher accuracy to identify the OBD, and allocates more patients to the OBD.