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This ESC WG Position Paper will discuss a) the importance of sex as a biological variable in cardiovascular research, b) major biological mechanisms underlying sex-related differences relevant to IHD risk factors and comorbidities, c) prospects and pitfalls of preclinical models to investigate these associations, and finally d) will provide recommendations to guide future research. Although gender differences also affect IHD risk in the clinical setting, they will not be discussed in detail here.Objectives Poor physical function is associated with negative health and cognitive outcomes. Although nine studies demonstrate that cognitive training reduces age-related declines in physical function, only one has examined effects beyond immediate posttest changes. The current study assessed the impact of three cognitive training programs on physical function measures across 10 years. A second aim examined whether baseline cognitive self-efficacy or depressive symptoms moderated training effects. Methods Using data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) randomized controlled trial, older adults in a no-contact control condition (n = 698) were compared to those receiving processing speed (n = 702), memory (n = 703), or reasoning (n = 694) training. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and dosage analyses were conducted for grip strength and Turn 360. Participants were followed up to 10 years posttest. Results There were no significant ITT effects of processing speed, memory, or reasoning training assignment to any physical function outcome (p &gt; .05). Dosage models indicated that there were small age-related attenuations effects in Turn 360 decline with more processing speed training (b = -.011, p less then .001), memory training (b = -.011, p less then .001), and reasoning training (b = -.012, p less then .001). There was no significant transfer to grip strength. These training gains were greater for those with more baseline depressive symptoms who received more processing speed training (b = -.001, p less then .001). Discussion This is the first study to demonstrate effects of cognitive training to complex physical function across 10 years.With global aging, it is crucial to understand how older adults and the process of aging are viewed by members of society. These attitudes can often influence how older adults are treated. Since the Journal of Gerontology was founded, we have gained increasing insights into attitudes toward aging, with several notable research developments, including clearer conceptualization of different types of aging attitudes (e.g., life-domain-specific attitudes and self-perceptions of aging), a wider variety of measurements, better understanding of how different social determinants shape aging attitudes, and more sophisticated investigations of cultural variance and invariance in aging attitudes. In this article, we highlight these major shifts in the field of aging attitudes in the past 75 years, discuss the contributions of these developments, and point to potential future directions.Introduction/aim The aim of this paper is to analyse the main issues and obstacles to optimizing the organization of mental health care and the strategies that should be applied by presenting the examples from practice. Results Outcomes of mental health care are in relation with improved legislation and the introduction of up-to-date management and economic concepts including continuous treatment model, in addition to the advantages and disadvantages in the provision of mental health care within primary and secondary inpatient and outpatient health care. Some of these lessons are learned from reforms implemented in Serbia.Direct support professionals (DSPs) are instrumental to the daily operations of organizations that support people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). With extensive responsibilities, DSPs often experience high levels of stress and burnout that can result in turnover and vacant positions. Self-care is the practice of behaviors that promote well-being, counter work-related stress, and foster resilience. The current study explored self-care and resilience, and their relationship with professional quality of life (i.e., satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress) among DSPs. Using a convenient sample, 153 DSPs (71% female) completed an online survey comprised of multiple measures. Results indicated that DSPs often engaged in self-care behaviors across physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, relational, and workplace domains, however, less than 40% engaged in self-care behaviors directly related to work. On average, DSPs reported high levels of resilience. Collectively, self-care and resilience accounted for 12% to 28% of variance in DSPs' professional quality of life. Given the contribution of self-care to resilience and professional quality of life, an active approach by IDD organizations to foster self-care among DSPs may help promote their longevity and retention.People with disabilities have more health complications and higher healthcare utilization related to tobacco use than people without disabilities. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/8-oh-dpat-8-hydroxy-dpat.html 8-OH-DPAT] Yet, they are less likely to use tobacco cessation resources. Important to meaningful and lasting health behavior change are relationships developed in the home, workplace, and community. Some people with disabilities rely on paid and unpaid caregivers. Just like people with disabilities, paid caregivers are more likely to use tobacco, creating a unique opportunity to target smoking cessation to people with disabilities and their caregivers. Living Independent From Tobacco (LIFT), an evidence-based tobacco cessation intervention, was implemented with dyads of people with disabilities (n = 5) and their caregivers (n = 7). Qualitative analyses revealed that participants valued the dyadic approach and the opportunity to learn coping skills to help with smoking cessation. Lessons for offering inclusive health promotion interventions to people with disabilities and their caregivers are discussed.This special issue sheds light on the needs of the direct support professionals (DSPs), as well the possibilities when positive practices are implemented. A commitment to quality services and quality lives requires a commitment to finding solutions that better support DSPs so they can afford (emotionally, physically and financially) to keep doing the work they love. Improving supports to people with IDD is contingent on improving the compensation, working conditions, professional development, and career opportunities of DSPs.