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The hippocampus carries out multiple functions spatial cognition dorsally (DH) and regulation of emotionality-driven behavior ventrally (VH). Previously, we showed that dendrites of DH and VH pyramidal neurons of female rats are still developing robustly during adolescence and are altered by the experience of food restriction and voluntary exercise on a wheel. We tested whether such anatomical changes during adolescence impact anxiety-like behavior and spatial cognition. Four groups of female rats were evaluated for these behaviors those with wheel access in its cage from postnatal day (P) 36-44 (EX); those with food access restricted to 1 hr per day, from P40 to 44 (FR); those with EX from P36 to 44, combined with FR from P40 to 44, which we will refer to as EX + FR; and controls, CON (no EX, no FR). Open field test for anxiety-like behavior and active place avoidance test for spatial cognition were conducted at P47-49, the age when food restricted animals have restored body weight, or at P54-56, to identify more enduring effects. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BMS-790052.html https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BMS-790052.html] Anxiety-like behavior was elevated for the EX and FR groups at P47-49 but not for the EX + FR group. By P54-56, the EX + FR and EX groups exhibited less anxiety-like behavior, indicating a beneficial delayed main effect of exercise. There was a beneficial main effect of food restriction upon cognition, as the FR group showed cognition superior to CONs' at P44-46 and P54-56, while the EX + FR animals also showed enhanced spatial learning at P54-56. EX + FR animals with best adaptation to the feeding schedule showed the best spatial learning performance but with a delay. The EX group exhibited only a transient improvement. These findings indicate that FR, EX, and EX + FR in mid-adolescence are all beneficial in reducing anxiety-like behavior and improving spatial cognition but with subtle differences in the timing of their manifestation, possibly reflecting the protracted maturation of the hippocampus.<br />In hypertension, indexes of midwall left ventricular (LV) function may identify patients at higher cardiovascular (CV) risk independent of normal LV ejection fraction (EF). We analyzed the association of baseline and new-onset LV midwall dysfunction with CV outcome in a large population of patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis (AS).<br />One thousand four hundred seventy-eight patients with asymptomatic AS and normal EF (≥50%) at baseline in the Simvastatin Ezetimibe in Aortic Stenosis (SEAS) study were followed for a median of 4.3 years. LV systolic function was assessed by biplane EF and midwall shortening (MWS, low if &lt;14% in men/16% in women) at baseline and annual echocardiographic examinations.<br />One hundred twenty-three CV deaths and heart failure hospitalizations occurred during follow-up. In Cox analyses, adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, EF, AS severity, LV hypertrophy and systemic arterial compliance, low baseline MWS predicted 61% higher risk of a major CV event and a twofold higher risk of death and heart failure hospitalization (P &lt; .05). New-onset low MWS developed in 574 patients, particularly in elderly women with higher blood pressure and more severe AS (P &lt; .05). In time-varying Cox analysis, new-onset low MWS was associated with a twofold higher risk of CV death and heart failure hospitalization, independent of changes over time in EF, AS severity, LV hypertrophy and systemic arterial compliance (P &lt; .05).<br />Low MWS develops in a large proportion of patients with AS and normal EF during valve disease progression and is a marker of increased CV risk.<br />Low MWS develops in a large proportion of patients with AS and normal EF during valve disease progression and is a marker of increased CV risk.<br />Trisomy 21 (TS21) is a condition with a high risk for sleep apnea. In the pediatric population, the risk also includes central breathing disorders. The aim of this study was to define the clinical and polysomnographic characteristics of central apnea in infants, children, and adolescents with TS21.<br />Retrospective review of baseline polysomnograms (PSGs) in children with TS21 in the sleep center at Children's National Medical Center in Washington DC.<br />We included a total of 158 infants, children, and adolescents (0-18 years) with TS21 in this study. The median age was 4.82 years and 62% were male. The primary findings of the study are that (1) 12% of all pediatric subjects with TS21 included had a central apnea index (CAI) &gt; 2/h; (2) the proportion of TS21 individuals with central breathing abnormalities progressively decreased with age being common in young individuals (≤2 years of age) but rare after 10 years of age; (3) additional sleep breathing disturbances (e.g., OSA and/or hypoxemia) are often present in children with TS21 and central apnea; and (4) the prevalence of central breathing abnormalities in TS21 is influenced by sex, being more likely to persist beyond early childhood (&gt;2 years of age) in females than in males.<br />Central breathing abnormalities are common in TS21 among young children (≤2 years of age) and in females older than 2 years of age. Central apnea is often associated with concomitant obstructive sleep apnea and/or hypoxemia in children with TS21.<br />Central breathing abnormalities are common in TS21 among young children (≤2 years of age) and in females older than 2 years of age. Central apnea is often associated with concomitant obstructive sleep apnea and/or hypoxemia in children with TS21.<br />To conduct a meta-analysis to determine the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).<br />A systematic search was made of the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane databases, and clinicaltrials.gov, without language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials on treatment of type 2 diabetes and OSA with CPAP, compared with sham CPAP or no CPAP, were reviewed. Studies were pooled to obtain standardized mean differences (SMDs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<br />Seven trials (enrolling 691 participants) met the inclusion criteria. CPAP showed significant effects on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; SMD -0.32, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.03; P = 0.029), fasting glucose (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.02; P = 0.040), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; SMD -1.05, 95% CI -1.91 to -0.19; P = 0.016), systolic blood pressure (SMD -1.18, 95% CI -2.29 to -0.07 mm Hg; P = 0.