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entifying and treating social anxiety within ASD populations. In addition, treatments for social anxiety among neurotypical populations may benefit from targeting particular aspects of ToM rather than emotion recognition and other broad social skills.<br />Significant associations between social anxiety and social cognitive abilities appear to be accounted for by elevated social anxiety among children with ASD, and those with difficulties in specific aspects of ToM but not broader social skills, such as emotion recognition. This reinforces the importance of accurately identifying and treating social anxiety within ASD populations. In addition, treatments for social anxiety among neurotypical populations may benefit from targeting particular aspects of ToM rather than emotion recognition and other broad social skills.<br />To compare cortical gray matter oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) estimated from 2 MRI methods (1) the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) plus quantitative blood oxygen level dependent imaging (qBOLD) (QSM+qBOLD or QQ), and (2) the dual-gas calibrated-BOLD (DGCB) in healthy subjects; and to investigate the validity of iso-cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption assumption during hypercapnia using QQ.<br />In 10 healthy subjects, 3 tesla MRI including a multi-echo gradient echo sequence at baseline and hypercapnia for QQ, as well as an EPI dual-echo pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling for DGCB, were performed under a hypercapnic and a hyperoxic condition. OEFs from QQ and DGCB were compared using region of interest analysis and paired t test. For QQ, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption = cerebral blood flow*OEF*arterial oxygen content was generated for both baseline and hypercapnia, which were compared.<br />Average OEF in cortical gray matter across 10 subjects from QQ versus DGCB was 35.5 ± 6.7% versus 38.0 ± 9.1% (P = .49) at baseline and 20.7 ± 4.4% versus 28.4 ± 7.6% (P = .02) in hypercapnia OEF in cortical gray matter was significantly reduced as measured in QQ (P &lt; .01) and in DGCB (P &lt; .01). Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (in μmol O<br />/min/100 g) was 168.2 ± 54.1 at baseline from DGCB and was 153.1 ± 33.8 at baseline and 126.4 ± 34.2 (P &lt; .01) in hypercapnia from QQ.<br />The differences in OEF obtained from QQ and DGCB are small and nonsignificant at baseline but are statistically significant during hypercapnia. In addition, QQ shows a cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption decrease (17.4%) during hypercapnia.<br />The differences in OEF obtained from QQ and DGCB are small and nonsignificant at baseline but are statistically significant during hypercapnia. In addition, QQ shows a cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption decrease (17.4%) during hypercapnia.<br />To define a metric for the separability between water and olefinic fat peaks that defines a threshold beyond which the extraction of the olefinic fat peak from vertebral bone marrow short-echo time-stimulated echo acquisition mode MRS at 3T is feasible when using a constrained peak fitting based on the triglyceride fat model.<br />The water and olefinic peak height difference was defined as a metric for quantifying the separability of water and olefinic fat peaks. Fat unsaturation was determined using an unconstrained olefinic peak fitting and a constrained fitting of all fat peaks to the triglyceride model. The agreement between the two peak-fitting methods was used to define a threshold on water and olefinic peak height difference separating two groups (A and B), based on L5 short-echo time-stimulated echo acquisition mode (TE=11ms) spectra from 252 subjects measured at 3T.<br />A threshold on water and olefinic peak height difference was defined. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Aloxistatin.html E64d] Group A with a good agreement of the olefinic fat peak between tquisition mode MRS. The proposed methodology shows that the assessment of vertebral bone marrow unsaturation is feasible with a short-echo time-stimulated echo acquisition mode MRS in subjects with a higher fat fraction.The present study investigated whether athletes can be classified as responders or non-responders based on their individual change in total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) following altitude training while also identifying the potential factors that may affect responsiveness to altitude exposure. Measurements were completed with 59 elite endurance athletes who participated in national team altitude training camps. Fifteen athletes participated in the altitude training camp at least twice. Total Hb-mass using a CO rebreathing method and other blood markers were measured before and after a total of 82 altitude training camps (1350-2500 m) in 59 athletes. In 46 (56%) altitude training camps, tHb-mass increased. The amount of positive responses increased to 65% when only camps above 2000 m were considered. From the fifteen athletes who participated in altitude training camps at least twice, 27% always had positive tHb-mass responses, 13% only negative responses, and 60% both positive and negative responses. Logistic regression analysis showed that altitude was the most significant factor explaining positive tHb-mass response. Furthermore, male athletes had greater tHb-mass response than female athletes. In endurance athletes, tHb-mass is likely to increase after altitude training given that hypoxic stimulus is appropriate. However, great inter- and intra-individual variability in tHb-mass response does not support classification of an athlete permanently as a responder or non-responder. This variability warrants efforts to control numerous factors affecting an athlete's response to each altitude training camp.<br />To evaluate modified myocardial performance index (MPI), or Tei index, in fetuses of pregnancies with idiopathic mildly increased amniotic fluid index (AFI).<br />We studied 25 cases (24-40 weeks) with idiopathic mildly increased AFI, and 25 gestational age- and fetal gender-matched healthy controls. Fetal echocardiographic variables and Doppler-derived indices were recorded, including left and right MPI, left isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT), left ejection time (ET), left isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), aortic and pulmonary arterial peak systolic velocity (PSV), left and right E/A ratios, middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI), and umbilical artery (UA) PI.<br />The mean left MPI (0.52 vs 0.41, P &lt; .0001) and right MPI (0.50 vs 0.42, P &lt; .001) were higher, and mean IVCT (37.7 vs 25.9, P &lt; .0001) was longer in cases than in controls. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in IVRT (45.2 vs 43.2, P = .381), ET (160.2 vs 170.0, P = .079), aortic PSV (P = .