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PRACTICAL APPLICATION The present study aimed to compare the chemical changes in predeodorized rapeseed oil after anhydrous ethanol steam distillation at low temperature (140 to 220 °C) (L-ESD) and conventional high-temperature (250 °C) water-steam distillation (H-WSD) in terms of odor characteristics, physicochemical properties, micronutrient contents, antioxidant performance, and fatty acid composition. Results indicated that this finding supplies a theoretical basis for developing a method with retaining more micronutrients and producing less harmful substances for the deodorization of rapeseed oil.<br />Differentiating activities that are research or quality improvement (QI) is challenging.<br />Compare tools that distinguish research from QI and evaluate the utility of tools to determine whether institutional review board (IRB) approval is required for a test-project.<br />Scoping review of the literature to identify tools that distinguish QI from research. Two reviewers independently screened records in PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science and Google Scholar and extracted information from tools. Inclusion criteria were English language peer-reviewed publications or publicly available tools with scoring systems to differentiate between research and QI. The reporting of this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We then applied a test-project to evaluate the utility of the tools.<br />One-hundred forty sources were reviewed; 13 met inclusion criteria. Tools consistently used project intent/purpose, design and intervention as differentiating criteria; additional criteria varied. Five studies described tool development, and one reported that the tool had been tested. Our application of a test-project proved challenging as tools commonly presented research and QI as discrete activities.<br />Based on the core criteria common across tools to distinguish research from QI, we propose a simple four-criteria decision tool for assessing the need for IRB submission.<br />Based on the core criteria common across tools to distinguish research from QI, we propose a simple four-criteria decision tool for assessing the need for IRB submission.In this study, the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) derived from hulless barley were evaluated by an in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion model. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in IDF and SDF following GI digestion were studied. The results obtained showed an increase in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well antioxidant activity compared with undigested extracts. Moreover, the bioaccessibility indexes of phenolic compounds in IDF and SDF were 490.90 ± 3.10% and 1608.79 ± 40.63% respectively, after GI digestion. Similarly, the bioaccessibility indexes of flavonoids in IDF and SDF were 179.20 ± 15.16% and 814.36 ± 26.31%, respectively. Based on our findings, individual phenolic compounds show different stability in the digestion process. The content of ferulic acid has different trends in IDF and SDF during GI digestion. This study could provide a scientific basis for hulless barley DF as valuable food additives. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Hulless barley is a unique cereal with potential health benefits due to high dietary fiber (DF) content and phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds could be linked to DF through chemical bonds. Phenolic compounds in DF can be slowly and continuously released under acidic, alkaline, and enzymatic conditions by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, which could maintain a higher phenolic concentration in the bloodstream and be beneficial for human health. This study could provide a scientific basis for hulless barley DF as valuable food additives.<br />Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease that is mediated by autoreactive T-cell attack and destruction of cholangiocytes. Despite the clear role of autoimmunity in PBC, immune-directed therapies have failed to halt PBC, including biologic therapies effective in other autoimmune diseases. MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis (PBC). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnk-inhibitor-viii.html find more] In the dominant-negative TGF-β receptor type II (dnTGFβRII) mouse model of PBC, autoreactive CD8 T cells play a major pathogenic role and demonstrate a striking pattern of miRNA down-regulation. Enoxacin is a small molecule fluoroquinolone that enhances miRNA biogenesis, partly by stabilizing the interaction of transactivation response RNA-binding protein with Argonaute (Ago) 2.<br />We hypothesized that correcting aberrant T-cell miRNA expression with enoxacin in dnTGFβRII mice could modulate autoreactive T-cell function and prevent PBC. Here, we show that liver-infiltrating dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells have signific dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells, reduces CD8 T-cell pathogenicity, and effectively halted progression of autoimmune biliary disease. Targeting the miRNA pathway is a therapeutic approach to autoimmunity that corrects pathological miRNA abnormalities in autoreactive T cells.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour consumption may be a major source of human metal intake, especially when wheat is cultivated in metal-contaminated soils. This work investigated Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn distribution in whole wheat flour, wheat flour, and wheat bran when grown in an area polluted by Pb smelting. Wheat product heavy metal concentrations were analyzed, and the (non)carcinogenic risks were assessed. Mean Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in whole wheat flour were 0.38, 3.83, 0.48, and 29.3 mg kg-1 , respectively; those in flour were only slightly reduced. The ratios between noncarcinogenic average daily dose of whole wheat flour and wheat flour consumption ranged from 1.06 to 3.76, with Pb having the greatest values compared with other metals. For children, the average hazard quotients (HQs) of whole wheat flour consumption of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 4.19, 1.06, 1.53, and 1.07; those for wheat flour consumption were 3.81, 0.68, 0.70, and 0.98, respectively. The HQs of adults were less than those of children.