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Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism emphasizes context and experience. It may not have a clear ethical framework or a set of fundamental principles. This could lead to the loss of idealistic goals and transformative change.
Contrary to deflationary theories pragmatic theories do not reject the notion that statements are connected to actual states of affairs. They simply explain the role that truth plays in practical activities.
Definition
The term "pragmatic" is used to describe things or people that are practical, rational and sensible. It is often contrasted with idealistic which refers to a person or idea that is based on ideals or high principles. A person who is pragmatic considers the real world conditions and circumstances when making decisions, and is focused on what is realistically achieved as opposed to trying to achieve the best theoretical course of action.
Pragmatism is a new philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of practical consequences in determining the truth, meaning or value. It is a third option to the dominant analytic and continental tradition of philosophy. It was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two competing streams of thought, one inclining toward relativism and the other towards realist thought.
One of the most important problems in pragmatism is the nature of truth. Many pragmatists recognize that truth is a valuable concept, however, they disagree on how to define it or how it works in practice. One approach, influenced heavily by Peirce and James, concentrates on how people resolve questions and make assertions and gives priority to the speech-acts and justification projects that people use to determine if something is true. Another method that is influenced by Rorty and his followers, concentrates on the comparatively simple functions of truth--how it is used to generalize, recommend, and caution--and is less concerned with the full-blown theory of truth.
The primary flaw in this neo-pragmatic approach to truth is that it stray with relativism, since the notion of "truth" has been around for so long and has such a extensive history that it is unlikely that it can be reduced to the mundane applications that pragmatists assign it. Furthermore, pragmatism seems reject the existence of truth in its metaphysical sense. This is evident in the fact that pragmatists like Brandom who owe a lot to Peirce & James but are silent about metaphysics while Dewey has made only one reference to truth in his extensive writings.
Purpose
The purpose of pragmatism was to offer an alternative to the analytic and Continental styles of philosophy. Its first generation was initiated by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, alongside their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1855-1916). The classical pragmatists were adamant about theorizing inquiry and meaning, and the nature of truth. Their influence spread through several influential American thinkers including John Dewey (1859-1952), who applied the ideas to education and other aspects of social improvement, and Jane Addams (1860-1935) who founded social work.
In recent times, a new generation has given pragmatism a new platform for discussion. Although they differ from classic pragmatists these neo-pragmatists believe themselves to be part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main figure. He focuses his research on semantics and the philosophy of language, but also draws from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others.
Neopragmatists have an entirely different conception of what it takes for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. The neo-pragmatists instead focus on the idea of 'ideal warranted assertibility' which says that an idea is genuinely true if a claim about it can be justified in a specific manner to a specific audience.
This view is not without its challenges. It is often criticized as being used to support illogical and absurd theories. An example of this is the gremlin hypothesis that is a truly useful concept, and it is effective in practice, but it is utterly unfounded and probably nonsense. This is not an insurmountable problem however it does highlight one of the biggest flaws in pragmatism It can be used to justify almost everything, which includes many absurd ideas.
Significance
When making decisions, the term "practical" refers to considering the actual world and its circumstances. It can also be used to refer to a philosophy that focuses on the practical consequences in determining the meaning or truth. William James (1842-1910) first used the term pragmatism to describe this perspective in a speech he delivered at the University of California, Berkeley. James claimed he invented the term along with his mentor and friend Charles Sanders Peirce, but the pragmatist perspective soon gained its own fame.
The pragmatists rejected the sharp dichotomies of analytic philosophy such as truth and value, thought and experience mind and body analytic and synthetic and so on. They also rebuffed the idea of truth as something fixed or objective, instead describing it as a constantly evolving socially-determined notion.
Classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry, meaning, and the nature of truth, but James put these concepts to work exploring truth in religion. John Dewey (1859-1952) was a major influence on the second generation of pragmatists, who applied the approach to politics, education and other aspects of social improvement.
The neo-pragmatists of recent decades have tried to put pragmatism into a broader Western philosophical context, and have traced the affinities of Peirce's ideas with Kant and other idealists from the 19th century and the emerging science of evolutionary theory. They have also sought to understand the role of truth in an original a posteriori epistemology and to formulate a metaphilosophy that is pragmatic and includes an understanding of language, meaning and the nature of knowledge.
Nevertheless, pragmatism has continued to develop, and the a posteriori epistemology it developed is still considered an important departure from more traditional approaches. The pragmatic theory has been criticized for centuries but in recent times it has received more attention. These include the idea that pragmatism simply implodes when it comes to moral issues and its assertion that "what works" is little more than relativism with an unpolished appearance.
Methods
The epistemological method of Peirce included a practical explanation. He saw it as an opportunity to discredit false metaphysical ideas like the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation, and Cartesian certainty seeking strategies in epistemology.
The Pragmatic Maxim, according to many modern pragmatists is the most reliable thing one can hope for from a theory about truth. They tend to avoid deflationist theories of truth which require verification before they are valid. Instead they advocate a different method they refer to as "pragmatic explanation". This is the process of explaining how a concept can be used in real life and identifying requirements to be met to recognize that concept as true.
This method is often criticized for being a form relativism. It is not as extreme as deflationist alternatives, and is an effective method of getting out of some the problems of relativist theories of reality.
As a result of this, a lot of liberatory philosophical projects that are related to eco-philosophy, feminism, Native American philosophy, and Latin American philosophy, look for inspiration in the pragmatist traditions. Furthermore, many philosophers of the analytic tradition (such as Quine) have taken on pragmatism with the kind of enthusiasm that Dewey himself could not manage.
It is important to recognize that pragmatism, though rich in historical context, has a few serious flaws. In 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 , pragmatism fails to provide any real test of truth, and it collapses when applied to moral questions.
프라그마틱 체험 of the most prominent pragmatists, such as Quine and Wilfrid Sellars, also criticized the philosophy. Yet, it has been reclaimed from obscurity by a diverse range of philosophers, including Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. These philosophers, while not being classical pragmatists have a lot in common with the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein. Their writings are worth reading for anyone interested in this philosophy movement.