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Concerning therapy outcome, 75 % of the patients who used INF +RBV as a previous protocol of treatment did not respond to DAAs, and 25 % were end-of-treatment responders. It suggests that therapy with INF plus RBV may contribute for non-response to a second therapeutic protocol with DAAs. One patient that presented RAS (V321I) was classified as non-responder, and combination of RAS C316N and Q309R does not necessarily imply in resistance to treatment in this cohort of patients. Data presented herein highlights the relevance of studying circulating variants for a better understanding of HCV variability and resistance to the therapy. Furthermore, the feasibility of carrying out genotyping and RAS phenotyping analysis by using DSS card for the potential of informing future treatment interventions could be relevant to overcome the limitations of processing samples in several location worldwide, especially in LMICs.Stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) have been used in a diverse range of traditional and historical medicines from around the world for the treatment of skin diseases, wounds, urinary disorders, respiratory diseases, bone and joint pain, anaemia and other circulatory problems, as well as in cosmetic preparations for skin and haircare. As part of an interdisciplinary exploration of nettle-based remedies, we performed a systematic review of published evidence for the antimicrobial activity of Urtica spp. extracts against bacteria and fungi that commonly cause skin, soft tissue and respiratory infections. We focussed on studies in which minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays of U. dioica were conducted on the common bacterial opportunistic pathogens Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus . No studies used fresh leaves (all were dried prior to use), and no studies prepared nettles in weak acid (corresponding to vinegar) or in fats/oils, which are common combinations in historical and traditional preparations. We addressed this gap by conducting new antibacterial tests of extracts of fresh U. dioica leaves prepared in vinegar, butter or olive oil against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus . Our systematic review and additional experimental data leads us to conclude that there is no strong evidence for nettles containing molecules with clinically useful antimicrobial activity. It seems most likely that the utility of nettles in traditional topical preparations for wounds may simply be as a 'safe' absorbent medium for keeping antibacterial (vinegar) or emollient (oils) ingredients at the treatment site.In-course assessments are an essential part of any coursework because they represent both a physical output of the skills and knowledge acquired at university, but also have the role of supporting student transitions into prospective careers. Therefore, assessments could be used as a conduit to encourage student awareness of the skills needed for the workplace and verify their attainment of these skills, particularly at foundation levels within a degree. Within a second-year Microbiology and Immunology course, students struggled to engage with standalone timetabled careers-related sessions, yet they showed enthusiasm when employability was embedded into assessments. A staff-student partnership project explored these issues, with the overall aim of understanding how to effectively embed employability skills into assessment and feedback and support students positioning themselves for the future. Through a focus group, this project investigated the reasons for low student engagement with timetabled employability sessions and used student views to develop digital initiatives and 21st-century competencies that could be applied more widely within assessment and feedback practice. These initiatives were then implemented as pre-session self-directed activities, with the objective of helping students to link course feedback with employment skills and future career planning, followed by a newly developed in-class reflective feedback session that allowed students time to consider what skills they have developed and make links with future careers. Project evaluation was conducted using a quantitative survey of the students involved.The cytoskeleton serves a diverse set of functions in both multi- and unicellular organisms, including movement, transport, morphology, cell division and cell signalling. The septin family of cytoskeletal proteins are found within all fungi and metazoans and can generate three-dimensional scaffolds in vivo that promote membrane curvature, serve as physical barriers and coordinate cell cycle checkpoints. In budding yeast, the septins organize into polymerized filaments that decorate the division site between mother and daughter cells during mitosis; assembly of this structure at the 'bud neck' is critical for completion of cytokinesis and execution of numerous other cellular events. One such pathway includes bud site selection and the recruitment of proteins such as Bud4 and Bud3 that are responsible for promoting an axial budding pattern in haploid yeast. While Bud4 appears to be recruited to the septins independently of the presence of Bud3, it is likely that Bud3 can localize to the bud neck using both Bud4n domain, similar to other non-septin proteins targeted to the division site during cell division.Introduction. In the context of the global pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2, procurement of personal protective equipment during the crisis was problematic. The idea of reusing and decontaminating personal surgical masks in facilities was explored in order to avoid the accumulation of waste and overcome the lack of equipment. Hypothesis. Our hypothesis is that this work will show the decontamination methods assessed are effective for bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Aim. We aim to provide information about the effects of five decontamination procedures (UV treatment, dry heat, vaporized H2O2, ethanol treatment and blue methylene treatment) on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa . These bacteria are the main secondary bacterial pathogens responsible for lung infections in the hospital environment. Methodology. The surgical masks and the filtering facepiece respirators were inoculated with two bacterial strains ( S. aureus ATCC 29213 and P. aeruginosa S0599) and submitted to five decontamination treatments vaporized H2O2 (VHP), UV irradiation, dry heat treatment, ethanol bath treatment and blue methylene treatment. Direct and indirect microbiology assessments were performed on three positive controls, five treated masks and one negative control. Results. The five decontaminations showed significant (P less then 0.05) but different degrees of reductions of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa . VHP, dry heat treatment and ethanol treatment adequately reduced the initial contamination. The 4 min UV treatment allowed only a reduction to five orders of magnitude for face mask respirators. The methylene blue treatment induced a reduction to two orders of magnitude. Conclusions. The three methods that showed a log10 reduction factor of 6 were the dry heat method, VHP and ethanol bath treatment. These methods are effective and their establishment in the medical field are easy but require economic investment.Hydrocephalus is a common condition worldwide, and is frequently managed by diversion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), either externally with a drain or internally with a shunt. An external ventricular drain (EVD) can be an essential treatment modality, but is associated with a risk of infection, most commonly caused by Staphylococcal species, which can result in meningitis or ventriculitis and a delay in the definitive management of the hydrocephalus. Here, we report the case of a patient who required an EVD to manage post-operative hydrocephalus following a craniotomy and microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. He subsequently developed EVD-associated infection with a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), which was treated successfully with a 2-week course of intravenous linezolid monotherapy. The authors believe this to be the only described case of successful treatment within this time frame of a CSF VRE infection associated with indwelling foreign material.Introduction. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged as a global health crisis in 2020. The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020 and the disease spread throughout the country within months. Old persons, immunocompromised patients and persons with co-morbidities, especially of the respiratory system, have a more severe and often fatal outcome to the disease. In this study we have analysed the socio-demographic trend of the COVID-19 outbreak in Nagpur and adjoining districts. Methods. The study was conducted from April to December 2020. Androgen Receptor Antagonist Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs collected from suspected cases of COVID-19 were tested using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at a diagnostic molecular laboratory at a tertiary care hospital in central India. Patient-related data on demographic profile and indication for testing were obtained from laboratory requisition forms. The results of the inconclusive repeat samples were also noted. The data were analysed usiamples so that no positive cases are missed. Understanding of demographics is crucial for better management of this crisis and proper allocation of resources.Introduction. Melioidosis is an infection that most commonly presents with bacteraemia. Culture-based laboratory methods can result in a significant delay to organism identification. Molecular diagnostic techniques have a high sensitivity and rapid time to diagnosis. A decreased time to diagnosis is likely to improve patient outcomes. Aim. To compare the Panther Fusion automated molecular instrument to an in-house method for the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei directly from spiked human whole-blood samples. Results. The in-house method detected 11/12 (92 %) samples with a B. pseudomallei concentration of 2.5-4.5×102 c.f.u. ml-1. The Panther was less reliable, detecting only 8/14 (75 %) samples with a similar bacterial concentration. The Panther was able to detect 12/12 (100 %) spiked blood culture-positive samples. Conclusion. The direct detection of B. pseudomallei from patient blood on presentation to a healthcare facility will significantly decrease time to diagnosis. We describe an in-house real-time PCR method with the lowest reported limit of detection to date. Due to lower sensitivity, the Panther Fusion would be best used as a diagnostic method directly from a positive blood culture.Background. Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of hospital visits in the paediatric population and carry significant associated morbidity and mortality in this population. The introduction of respiratory panel testing has been said to guide clinicians in the overall management of patients. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study examining all respiratory panels carried out in our hospital during 2019 on paediatric patients. Patients included were those who had symptoms indicative of respiratory infections who presented acutely, including those with chronic respiratory conditions. A total of 188 respiratory panel results were obtained along with collected patient data. These were analysed using SPSS V. 25.0 to get the below mentioned results. Results. The majority (76.6 %) of patients were less than 3 years with 59 % of total population being males. The majority (80.9 %) had mild clinical severity score. The most common pathogen that was detected on the respiratory panel was Enterovirus Human Rhinovirus spp, followed by the influenza viruses.