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12-57.6%), γ-terpinene (20.56-25.6%), p-cymene (5.53-11.3%), and thymol (1.65-8.2%) with changes in their concentrations under Cd and Si-NPs. Heat map analysis (HMA) showed fresh weight, dry weight, and EO yield with a higher variation during these treatments had the most significant impact on distinguishing the clusters. The present study recommended 1.5-2.25 mM Si-NPs in improving the physio-biochemical status of summer savory plants to cope with Cd stress.Universal Stress Protein A (USPA) plays critical roles in the regulation of growth, development and response to abiotic stress in plants. To date, most research related to the role of USPA in plants has been carried out in herbaceous models such as Arabidopsis, rice and soybean. Here, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify 21 USPA genes in the genome of Vitis vinifera L. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VvUSPAs could be divided into eight clades. Based on predicted chromosomal locations, we identified 16 pairs of syntenic, orthologous genes between A. thaliana and V. vinifera. Further promoter cis-elements analysis, together with identification of potential microRNA (miRNA) binding sites, suggested that at least some of the VvUSPAs participate in response to phytohormones and abiotic stress. To add support for this, we analyzed the developmental and stress-responsive expression patterns of the homologous USPA genes in the drought-resistant wild Vitis yeshanensis accession 'Yanshan-1' and the drought-sensitive Vitis riparia accession 'He'an'. Most of the USPA genes were upregulated in different degrees in the two genotypes after drought stress and exposure to ethephon (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Individual USPA genes showed various tissue-specific expression patterns. Heterologous expression of five selected genes (VvUSPA2, VvUSPA3, VvUSPA11, VvUSPA13 and VvUSPA16) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) enhanced resistance to drought stress. Our study provides a model for mapping gene function in response to abiotic stress and identified three candidate genes, VvUSPA3, VvUSPA11 and VvUSPA16, as regulators of drought response in V. vinifera.Water stress triggers acclimation responses and can damage plants, which varies by species and stress levels. Ongoing climate change is projected to result in longer and more intense water stress conditions leading to an alarming increase in drought-induced forest decline. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of leaves and stem wood anatomy from Araucaria araucana pot-grown three-year old seedlings, a conifer tree from northwestern Patagonia. Plants were subjected to moderate and severe water restriction regimes and compared to well-watered controls. Severe water stress reduced relative leaf water content and triggered an accumulation of free proline in leaves, regardless of age. Epicuticular wax extrusions increased in apical leaf stomata while photosynthetic pigments decreased, resulting in differential oxidative damage. The concentration of phenolic compounds was not affected by water restrictions. Plants exposed to restricted water regimes showed diminished middle leaf biomass and expansion (~60% of total leaves), increased stem wood density, and experienced 7% and 30% mortality rates under moderate and severe water stress, respectively. Our findings suggest that under moderate water stress, analogous to short-term droughts, A. araucana seedlings activate physiological mechanisms that allow them to withstand short periods of drought, while more severe water stress and longer droughts can be severely harmful.The rapid accumulation of lignin in the cell wall is one of important immune defense mechanism in response to adversity stress in plants. In this study, we found that the enlargement of the root tubers of Rehmannia glutinosa (R. glutinosa) is arrested under consecutive monoculture stress, and this process is accompanied by abnormal accumulation of lignin. Meanwhile, the function of key catalytic enzyme genes in lignin biosynthetic pathway under consecutive monoculture stress was systematically analyzed, of which roles of core genes were validated using reverse genetics. We elucidated that an abnormal deposition of lignin in R. glutinosa roots, induced by consecutive monoculture stress, and arrested the enlargement of root tubers. Additionally, by manipulating the key catalytic enzyme gene RgCCR6, we were able to alter lignin content of roots of R. glutinosa, thereby affecting tuber enlargement. We speculate that cell lignification is an important defense strategy in resistance against consecutive monoculture stress, but the overreacted defense hindered the normal enlargement of root tubers. The findings provide new insights for effectively improving yield reductions of root crops subjected to environmental stress.Drought stress is one of the main limiting factors in geographical distribution and production of Codonopsis pilosula. Understanding the biochemical and genetic information of the response of C. pilosula to drought stress is urgently needed for breeding tolerant varieties. Here, carbohydrates, namely trehalose, raffinose, maltotetraose, sucrose, and melezitose, significantly accumulated in C. pilosula roots under drought stress and thus served as biomarkers for drought stress response. Vorapaxar molecular weight Compared with those in the control group, the expression levels of key genes such as adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme, granule-bound starch synthase, soluble starch synthase, galacturonate transferase, cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit, cellulase Korrigan in the carbohydrate biosynthesis pathway were markedly up-regulated in C. pilosula roots in the drought treatment group, some of them even exceeded 70%. Notably, and that of key genes including trehalose-6-phosphatase, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, galactinol synthase, and raffinose synthase in the trehalose and raffinose biosynthesis pathways was improved by 12.6%-462.2% in C. pilosula roots treated by drought stress. The accumulation of carbohydrates in C. pilosula root or rhizosphere soil was correlated with microbiome variations. Analysis of exogenous trehalose and raffinose confirmed that increased carbohydrate content improved the drought tolerance of C. pilosula in a dose-dependent manner. This study provided solid foundation for breeding drought-tolerant C. pilosula varieties and developing drought-resistant microbial fertilizers.