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The calibrated model is able to match the experimental data across all densities using a single parameter distribution, and captures details about the spatial structure of cells. Our results provide strong evidence to suggest that motility is density-dependent in these experiments. On the other hand, we do not see the effect of crowding on proliferation in these experiments. These results are significant as they are precisely the opposite of the assumptions in standard continuum models, such as the Fisher-Kolmogorov equation and its generalizations.This article presents an interdisciplinary study of physical and social psychological effects on crowd dynamics based on a series of bottleneck experiments. Bottlenecks are of particular interest for applications such as crowd management and design of emergency routes because they limit the performance of a facility. In addition to previous work on the dynamics within the bottleneck, this study focuses on the dynamics in front of the bottleneck, more specifically, at entrances. The experimental set-up simulates an entrance scenario to a concert consisting of an entrance gate (serving as bottleneck) and a corridor formed by barriers. The parameters examined are the corridor width, degree of motivation and priming of the social norm of queuing. The analysis is based on head trajectories and questionnaires. We show that the density of persons per square metre depends on motivation and also increases continuously with increasing corridor width, meaning that a density reduction can be achieved by a reduction of space. In comparison to other corridor widths observed, the narrowest corridor is rated as being fairer, more comfortable and as showing less unfair behaviour. Pushing behaviour is seen as ambivalent it is rated as unfair and listed as a strategy for faster access.The means by which aquatic animals such as freshwater snails collect food particles distributed on the water surface are of great interest for understanding life at the air-water interface. The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata stabilizes itself just below the air-water interface and manipulates its foot such that it forms a cone-shaped funnel into which an inhalant current is generated, thereby drawing food particles into the funnel to be ingested. We measured the velocity of this feeding current and tracked the trajectories of food particles around and on the snail. Our experiments indicated that the particles were collected via the free surface flow generated by the snail's undulating foot. The findings were interpreted using a simple model based on lubrication theory, which considered several plausible mechanisms depending on the relative importance of hydrostatic pressure, capillary action and rhythmic surface undulation.In humans, various genetic defects or age-related diseases, such as diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, cause the death of retinal neurons and profound vision loss. One approach to treating these diseases is to utilize stem and progenitor cells to replace neurons in situ, with the expectation that new neurons will create new synaptic circuits or integrate into existing ones. Reprogramming non-neuronal cells in vivo into stem or progenitor cells is one strategy for replacing lost neurons. Zebrafish have become a valuable model for investigating cellular reprogramming and retinal regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding spontaneous reprogramming of Müller glia in zebrafish and compares this knowledge to research efforts directed toward reprogramming Müller glia in mammals. Intensive research using these animal models has revealed shared molecular mechanisms that make Müller glia attractive targets for cellular reprogramming and highlight the potential for curing degenerative retinal diseases from intrinsic cellular sources. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 6 is September 15, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Exosomes carrying microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play critical roles in the regulation of development, growth and metastasis of cancer. Bioinformatic predictions identified differentially expressed SRY-box 9 (SOX9) in OC, and the regulatory miRNA miR-139-5p. Here, we aim to evaluate the function of exosomal miR-139-5p in the sensitivity of ovarian cancer (OC) cells to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP). Expression pattern of miR-139-5p and SOX9 in ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) and DDP-resistant cells (SKOV3/DDP) was identified using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The relationship between miR-139-5p and SOX9 was validated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. SKOV3/DDP cell line was developed and introduced with miR-30a-5p mimic to analyse the effects of miR-30a-5p on resistance to DDP. this website The in vitro and in vivo effects of exosomal miR-30a-5p on resistance of SKOV3 cells to DDP were assessed in a co-culture system of exosomes and OC cells as well as in tumour-bearing nude mice. High expression of SOX9 and low expression of miR-30-5p were witnessed in OC. Furthermore, miR-30-5p, a downregulated miRNA in SKOV3/DDP cells, increased the rate of cell apoptosis and enhanced the sensitivity of SKOV3/DDP cells to DDP by targeting SOX9. Moreover, exosomes carrying miR-30a-5p were identified to sensitize SKOV3/DDP cells to DDP both in vitro and in vivo. These data together supported an important conclusion that DDP-resistant OC cell-derived exosomal miR-30a-5p enhanced cellular sensitivity to DDP, highlighting a potential strategy to overcome drug resistance.Purpose The ability to recognize individuals from their vocalizations is an important trait of human beings. In the current study, we aimed to examine how congenital amusia, an inborn pitch-processing disorder, affects discrimination and identification of talkers' voices. Method Twenty Mandarin-speaking amusics and 20 controls were tested on talker discrimination and identification in four types of contexts that varied in the degree of language familiarity Mandarin real words, Mandarin pseudowords, Arabic words, and reversed Mandarin speech. Results The language familiarity effect was more evident in the talker identification task than the discrimination task for both participant groups, and talker identification accuracy decreased as native phonological representations were removed from the stimuli. Importantly, amusics demonstrated degraded performance in both native speech conditions that contained phonological/linguistic information to facilitate talker identification and nonnative conditions where talker voice processing primarily relied on phonetics cues, including pitch.