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Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism is a philosophy that emphasizes the experience and context. It may lack an explicit set of fundamental principles or a cohesive ethical framework. This could result in the absence of idealistic goals or a radical changes.
Contrary to deflationary theories of truth, pragmatic theories of truth don't reject the idea that statements relate to current events. They only define the role that truth plays in practical endeavors.
Definition
The word pragmatic is used to describe things or people that are practical, logical and sensible. Highly recommended Internet site is frequently used to differentiate between idealistic, which is a person or an idea that is based upon high principles or ideals. A person who is pragmatic considers the real-world circumstances and conditions when making decisions, focusing on what can realistically be achieved as opposed to seeking to determine the most optimal theoretical course of action.
Pragmatism, a new philosophical movement, focuses on the importance that practical consequences have in determining what is true, meaning or value. It is a third option to the dominant continental and analytic traditions of philosophy. It was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James with Josiah Royce as its founding fathers, pragmatism evolved into two competing streams one of which is akin to relativism, the other towards realism.
One of the most important issues in pragmatism concerns the nature of truth. Many pragmatists acknowledge that truth is a valuable concept, but they differ on the definition or how it works in the real world. One approach, inspired by Peirce and James, is focused on the ways in which people tackle issues and make assertions. It also prioritizes the speech-act and justification processes of language-users in determining if truth is a fact. One of the approaches, influenced by Rorty's followers, concentrates more on the mundane functions of truth, such as its ability to generalize, recommend and avert danger and is less focused on a complicated theory of truth.
The main flaw of this neo-pragmatic view of truth is that it flirts with relativism, since the concept of "truth" has such a long and extensive history that it is unlikely that it could be reduced to the common applications that pragmatists assign it. Furthermore, pragmatism seems deny the existence of truth in its metaphysical aspect. This is evident in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom who owe a lot to Peirce & James and are mostly silent about metaphysics while Dewey has only made one reference to truth in his extensive writings.
Purpose
The aim of pragmatism is to offer an alternative to the analytic and Continental styles of philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1860-1916) were the first to start its first generation. The classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry as well as the nature of truth. Their influence was felt by numerous influential American thinkers, including John Dewey (1860-1952), who applied their ideas to education and social improvement in various dimensions. Jane Addams (1860-1935), who founded social work, also benefited from this influence.
Recently the new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism a wider platform to discuss. Although they differ from classic pragmatists these neo-pragmatists believe themselves to be part of the same tradition. Their main model is Robert Brandom, whose work is centered around semantics and the philosophy of language but who also draws on the philosophy of Peirce and James.
One of the primary distinctions between the classic pragmatists and neo-pragmatists is their understanding of what it means for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists focus on the idea of 'ideal warranted assertibility,' which says that an idea is genuinely true if a claim made about it is justified in a particular way to a particular audience.
There are however some issues with this perspective. A common criticism is that it could be used to justify any number of ridiculous and absurd ideas. A simple example is the gremlin theory that is a truly useful concept that works in practice, but it is utterly unfounded and probably absurd. This isn't a huge issue, but it reveals one of the major flaws of pragmatism: it can be used as a rationalization for just about everything.
Significance
Pragmatic refers to the practical aspect of a decision, which is related to the consideration of real world conditions and situations when making decisions. It is also used to refer to a philosophy that emphasizes the practical consequences when determining the meaning, truth or values. The term"pragmatism" first used to describe this viewpoint around a century ago when William James (1842-1910) pressed it into service in an address at the University of California (Berkeley). James confidently claimed that the word was invented by his friend and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), but the pragmatist outlook soon gained a reputation all its own.
The pragmatists rejected the stark dichotomies that are inherent in analytic philosophy such as truth and value as well as experience and thought, mind and body, synthetic and analytic, and so on. They also rejected the idea that truth was a fixed or objective, instead treating it as a dynamic socially-determined notion.
James utilized these themes to explore truth in religion. John Dewey (1859-1952) was an important influence on the second generation of pragmatists who applied the approach to education, politics and other aspects of social improvement.
The neo-pragmatists from recent times have tried to place pragmatism within a broader Western philosophical context, by tracing the affinities of Peirce's ideas with Kant and other 19th century idealists, as well as with the new science of evolutionary theory. They also sought to define the role of truth in an original epistemology of a priori and to develop a metaphilosophy that is pragmatic that includes views of the meaning of language, as well as the nature and origin of knowledge.
Yet, pragmatism continues to develop and the epistemology of a posteriori that it developed is still regarded as an important departure from more traditional methods. The pragmatic theory has been criticized for a long time, but in recent years it has received more attention. One of them is the notion that pragmatism doesn't work when applied to moral questions and that its claim "what works" is nothing more than a realism with an unpolished appearance.
Methods
The epistemological method of Peirce included a practical explanation. He saw it as an opportunity to discredit false metaphysical concepts such as the Catholic understanding transubstantiation and Cartesian certainty seeking strategies in epistemology.
For many contemporary pragmatists the Pragmatic Maxim is all that one can reasonably expect from the theory of truth. As such, they tend to avoid deflationist claims of truth that need to be verified to be legitimate. Instead they advocate a different method which they call "pragmatic explication". This is about explaining how a concept is used in real life and identifying requirements to be met to determine whether the concept is true.
This method is often criticized as a form of relativism. But it's less extreme than alternatives to deflationism, and thus is a great way of getting around some of the issues associated with relativism theories of truth.
In the wake of this, a variety of liberatory philosophical projects that are related to feminism, eco-philosophy, Native American philosophy, and Latin American philosophy, look for guidance in the pragmatist tradition. Quine, for example, is an philosophical analyticist who has embraced pragmatism in a way that Dewey could not.
While pragmatism is a rich history, it is important to recognize that there are fundamental flaws with the philosophy. Particularly, the philosophy of pragmatism is not a meaningful test of truth, and it fails when applied to moral questions.
Some of the most important pragmatists, including Quine and Wilfrid Sellars, also criticized the philosophy. Yet, it has been reclaimed from obscurity by a diverse range of philosophers, such as Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. These philosophers, although not classical pragmatists, owe much to the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein. These works of philosophers are recommended to anyone interested in this philosophy movement.