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These results provide insights into the antibacterial activities of BSF AMPs both in vitro and in vivo and suggest a great potential of exploiting insect-derived AMPs in silkworm disease resistance breeding.Disturbed flow leads to increased inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs) prone to atherogenic state. Currently, little is known about the physiological mechanisms protecting vasculature against disturbed flow-activated ECs leading to atherosclerosis. Understanding the protective mediators involved in EC activation could provide novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis. The extracellular matrix microenvironment profoundly regulates cellular homeostasis. A non-EC resident ECM protein, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), has diverse protective roles in the cardiovascular system. To determine whether COMP could protect against disturbed flow-activated EC and atherosclerosis, we compared oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induced EC activation coated with various ECM proteins. Purified COMP inhibited EC activation caused by OSS. EC activation was upregulated in the aortic arch where the flow is disturbed in COMP-/- mice as compared with wild-type mice under physiological conditions or pathologically in partially ligated mouse carotid arteries. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation, mammalian two-hybrid and FRET assay results suggest that COMP bound directly to integrin α5 via its C-terminus. We next synthesized a COMP-derived peptidomimetics (CCPep24) mimicking a specific COMP-integrin α5 interaction and found that CCPep24 protected against EC activation and atherogenesis in vivo. This study extends our current understanding of how ECM and flow coordinately fine-tune EC homeostasis and reveals the potential therapeutic effect of COMP or COMP-derived peptidomimetics on blocking aberrant integrin α5 activation, inflammatory EC activation and atherosclerosis pathogenesis.Optical coherence tomography is an increasingly important part of the retinal specialist's and general ophthalmologist's toolkit for diagnosing and managing retinal disease. This review summarizes the unique considerations and available imaging systems with which pediatric ophthalmologists should be familiar when attempting optical coherence tomography in children. Normal developmental changes in foveal and extrafoveal structure and the need for an established pediatric normative database of retinal thicknesses are reviewed. Finally, applications of optical coherence tomography imaging to selected representative pediatric retinal diseases are introduced as examples of how optical coherence tomography in children is furthering the diagnosis and management of vision-threatening retinal diseases.
To assess trends in gender representation in pediatric ophthalmology.
In this retrospective study, the names of oral and poster presenters at the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) annual meetings and the first and last authors of articles published in Journal of AAPOS (JAAPOS) from 2011 to 2019 were recorded. The gender of presenters and authors was determined with the aid of an online gender tool in conjunction with a comprehensive internet search.
A total of 2,633 presentations, and 2,777 authors were included. Over the study period, female representation in both conferences and journal authorship increased (P>0.01 and P=0.01 resp.). Overall, women comprised 44% of oral presentations and 57% of poster presentations at the annual meetings. Of publications in JAAPOS, women comprised 47% of first authors and 38% of last authors. selleckchem The gender of the first author did not correlate with the gender of the last author (P=0.9). Conference roles that had the greatest gender disparities were named lecture speakers (27% female vs 73% male [P=0.01]) and program committee members (34% female vs 66% male [P>0.01]).
Over the last decade, there has been an increase in representation of women at both AAPOS conferences and authorship in JAAPOS. Gender disparities persist in higher-visibility positions.
Over the last decade, there has been an increase in representation of women at both AAPOS conferences and authorship in J AAPOS. Gender disparities persist in higher-visibility positions.
To report the rates of success of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) surgery in early childhood glaucoma and factors associated with success.
Children with primary congenital or early childhood secondary glaucoma who underwent AGV surgery over a 10-year period (one eye per child) at a single institution were identified. Surgical failure was defined as having one or more of the following intraocular pressure of >21mm Hg 3months postoperatively, reoperation for glaucoma, and vision loss to no light perception.
A total of 178 patients were identified (median age, 5.8±5.5years) 125 with primary congenital and 53 with secondary childhood glaucoma. The success rate at 1year was 92% (95% CI, 88%-96%); at 5years, 64% (95% CI, 55%-73%); and at 10years, 36% (95% CI, 25%-52%). selleckchem Younger age at baseline (P=0.003) and secondary childhood glaucoma (P=0.045) were associated with lower success.
The AGV is associated with high short-term success in children with primary congenital glaucoma, but the 10-year success rates are poor. Younger age and secondary childhood glaucoma may be associated with a more refractory outcome.
The AGV is associated with high short-term success in children with primary congenital glaucoma, but the 10-year success rates are poor. Younger age and secondary childhood glaucoma may be associated with a more refractory outcome.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to multi-system dysfunction with emerging evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2-mediated endothelial injury is an important effector of the virus. Potential therapies that address vascular system dysfunction and its sequelae may have an important role in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection and its long-lasting effects.Despite technological advancements and evolving ablation strategies, atrial fibrillation catheter ablation outcome remains suboptimal for a cohort of patients. Imaging-based biomarkers have the potential to play a pivotal role in the overall assessment and prognostic stratification of AF patients, allowing for tailored treatments and individualized care. Alongside consolidated evaluation parameters, novel imaging biomarkers that can detect and stage the remodelling process and correlate it to electrophysiological phenomena are emerging. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the different types of atrial substrate, and how Computed Tomography can be used as a pre-ablation risk stratification tool by assessing the various novel imaging biomarkers, providing a valuable insight into the mechanisms that sustain AF and potentially allowing for a patient-specific ablation strategy.