Appropriate atrium size from the common populace

The ubiquitous inverse relationship between word frequency and word rank is commonly known as Zipf's law. The theoretical underpinning of this law states that the inverse relationship yields decreased effort in both the speaker and hearer, the so-called principle of least effort. Most research has focused on showing an inverse relationship only for written monolog, only for frequencies and ranks of one linguistic unit, generally word unigrams, with strong correlations of the power law to the observed frequency distributions, with limited to no attention to psychological mechanisms such as the principle of least effort. The current paper extends the existing findings, by not focusing on written monolog but on a more fundamental form of communication, spoken dialog, by not only investigating word unigrams but also units quantified on syntactic, pragmatic, utterance, and nonverbal communicative levels by showing that the adequacy of Zipf's formula seems ubiquitous, but the exponent of the power law curve is not, and by placing these findings in the context of Zipf's principle of least effort through redefining effort in terms of cognitive resources available for communication. Our findings show that Zipf's law also applies to a more natural form of communication-that of spoken dialog, that it applies to a range of linguistic units beyond word unigrams, that the general good fit of Zipf's law needs to be revisited in light of the parameters of the formula, and that the principle of least effort is a useful theoretical framework for the findings of Zipf's law.Plant growth-promoting bacteria and biochar have been widely used as immobilizers to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil. However, few studies have unraveled the effect and synergistic mechanism of combined application of plant growth-promoting bacteria and biochar on in situ heavy metal contaminated soil remediation and plant yield and quality improvement under heavy metal pollution stress. In this study, the effects of biochar, γ-PGA-producing bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain W25) and their combined application on Cd and Pb immobilization, γ-PGA production in soil filtrate, the bacterial community in rhizosphere soil, physicochemical properties of soil, heavy metal uptake, and quality and yield of tomato in heavy metal-contaminated soil were investigated. The application of W25, biochar, and their combinations significantly reduced Cd content in mature tomato fruits by 22-60%, increased the single fruit weight and lycopene content by 7-21% and 23-48%, respectively, and the combination of biochar and W25 had the best effect. All the treatments significantly reduced DTPA-Cd and DTPA-Pb contents in rhizosphere soil (42-53% and 6.5-35%), increased the pH value and the activities of urease-alkaline phosphatase of soil, but did not affect the expression of heavy metal transporter gene LeNRAMP1 in tomato roots. Biochar + W25 increased the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria such as Bacillus and Streptomyces. Biochar-enhanced plant growth-promoting bacteria to settle and colonize in soil significantly improved the ability of strain W25 to produce γ-PGA, and immobilized Cd in soil filtrate. The combination of biochar and plant growth-promoting bacteria ensures safe crop production in heavy metal-contaminated soil.The potential hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on fetus development have raised widespread concerns in recent years, although current epidemiological findings are conflicting. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between PAH concentrations in maternal serum and low birth weight (LBW). A questionnaire survey was conducted among 144 (72 pairs) neonates with normal or LBW and their mothers at four different hospitals in Shenzhen, China. Peripheral blood from primiparas and umbilical cord blood from neonates were collected. Concentrations of PAHs were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The detection frequencies of PAHs were relatively higher in the peripheral blood samples, while levels of low molecular weight PAHs were greater than high molecular weight PAHs in both peripheral and umbilical cord blood samples. Phenanthrene was frequently detected in blood samples from the case and control groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that acenaphthene in peripheral blood was positively associated with LBW (p  less then  0.05). This study found a relationship between exposure to certain PAHs and LBW, although future studies are needed to confirm these results.Based on the database of green patents of China's A-share listed enterprises from 2001 to 2018, this paper identifies the impact of the province-managing-county (PMC) fiscal reform on the green innovation performance of enterprises by using staggered DID method. The results show that the PMC fiscal reform significantly promotes enterprises' green innovation performance, and this impact is not only reflected in the quantity of green patents but also in the quality. The mechanism test finds that the policy effect of PMC fiscal reform comes from the attraction of environmental investment and optimization of human capital structure. The PMC fiscal reform expands the financial autonomy of county governments, facilitating the compensation and allocation mechanism. Selleck Kartogenin Moreover, the paper incorporates the county-power-expansion (CPE) reform into the robustness test to exclude the interference of other policies in the same period.Sugar molasses from agricultural waste could be a sustainable carbon source for the synthesis of graphene adsorbent introduced in this work. The sugar molasses was successfully converted to graphene-like material and subsequently coated on the sand as graphene sand composite (GSC), as proven by XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM with EDX mapping analyses. The adsorption performance of GSC was evaluated against the removal of Tetracycline (TC) and methylene blue (MB) pollutants from an aqueous solution in a fixed bed column continuous-flow adsorption setup. The effect of different process conditions bed height (4-12 cm), influent flow rate (3-7 mL/min), and contaminants' concentration (50-150 ppm) was investigated. The results revealed that column performance was improved by increasing the bed depth and lowering the flow rate and concentration of the pollutants. The best removal efficiency was obtained when the bed height was 12 cm, the influent flow rate of 3 mL/min, and the pollutants' initial concentration was 50 mg/L. Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models were attempted to fit the breakthrough curves. Regeneration of the GSC indicated the decline of breakthrough time from 240-280 to 180 min, reflecting the decrease in adsorptive sites due to the incomplete regeneration process. Overall, sugar molasses was shown to be a low-cost precursor for synthesizing valuable graphene material in the form of GSC, which can reduce the problem for industrial waste management of sugar molasses, and the GSC could be used as an adsorbent for environmental application.Formaldehyde is a hazardous volatile organic compound (VOC) listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The active green wall system is a promising technology that utilizes active airflow passing through plants grown along a vertical alignment to increase their mass exposure to pollutants. However, few studies have investigated the effect of airflow rate on their efficacy for formaldehyde removal, and plant-mediated effects are unknown. This study assessed the formaldehyde removal ability of the active green wall using dynamic experiments. Three levels of airflow rate (30, 50, and 65 m3·h-1) and inlet formaldehyde concentration (1.0, 2.0, and 3.5 mg·m-3) were used and three plant species were investigated. The removal of formaldehyde by active green walls was significantly (P  less then  0.01) affected by the airflow rate, formaldehyde concentration, and plant species. The single pass removal efficiency varying from 38.18 to 94.42% decreased as the airflow rate and formaldehyde concentration increased. The elimination capacity varied from 189 to 1154 mg·m-2·h-1 and increased with the inlet formaldehyde loading rate. Significant differences in formaldehyde removal effectiveness among the plant species were observed with Chlorophytum comosum performing the best, followed by Schefflera octophylla, with Chamaedorea elegans being the worst.Hydrogen gas, along with conventional fossil fuels, has been used as a green fuel with enormous potential. Due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, a new dimension of hydrogen production technology has arrived to reduce reliance on nonrenewable energy sources. Microwave-based hydrogen production is a more promising and cost-effective technology than other existing green hydrogen production methods such as fermentation and gasification. Microwave heating may be superior to traditional heating due to several advantages such as less power consumption compared to other methods, higher yield, and a higher rate of conversion. Compared to another process for hydrogen production, the microwave-driven process worked efficiently at lower temperatures by providing more than 70% yield. The process of production can be optimized by using properly sized biomass, types of biomass, water flow, temperature, pressure, and reactor size. This method is the most suitable, attractive, and efficient technique for hydrogen production in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Hot spots formed by microwave irradiation would have a substantial impact on the yield and properties of microwave-processed goods. The current techno-economic situation of various technologies for hydrogen production is discussed here, with cost, efficiency, and durability being the most important factors to consider. The present review shows that a cost-competitive hydrogen economy will necessitate continual efforts to increase performance, scale-up, technical prospects, and political backing.Tunnels are widely used in high-grade roads, particularly in mountainous areas; however, tunnel fires often result in severe economic losses and casualties. The fire effluents produced from asphalt pavement have attracted significant research attention. The main objective of this study is to assimilate information on various aspects of bituminous mixture emissions during fires. In this study, the fume emissions of bitumen and bituminous mixtures during combustion are comprehensively reviewed and summarized. First, the test methods for fire effluents produced by bitumen and bituminous mixtures after combustion are summarized. Second, the factors influencing the fume concentration and composition are determined. In addition, different methods to reduce the emission of fire effluents are compared, particularly for the suppression of toxic gas emissions. Then, reasonable suggestions are proposed to reduce the damage caused by hazardous gases to humans and the environment. This review is beneficial for comprehensively understanding the fume emission behaviour and future research on the smoke suppression of highway tunnel asphalt pavements during fires.Examining the coexisting policies for mandatory and voluntary disclosure of environmental information, this paper focuses on the unique background for such disclosure in the context of domestic companies in heavy pollution industries (EHPIs), a topic thus far overlooked by the literature. We aim to identify, in regard to compulsory environmental information disclosure in financial reports, whether adding further voluntary information disclosure to corporate social responsibility (CSR) results in an extra discount from investors during an equity financing. We evaluate a sample of 4390 A-share listed companies in EHPIs operating in China between 2010 and 2018. Specifically, linguistic analysis and image recognition are conducted with Python, and a regression model is applied to test our hypotheses. The positive impact of the following variables on the cost reduction in equity capital is thus demonstrated (a) CSR disclosure, (b) higher quality CSR reports, (c) increased environmental information disclosure in CSR reports (CSR_E), (d) more accurate environmental investment information, and (e) additional graphs and text.