Cancer malignancy CellIntrinsic PD1 Receptor Characteristics Encourage Growth Growth

PURPOSE To develop a robust design of a human head double-tuned 31 P/1 H array, which provides good performance at both 31 P and 1 H frequencies for MR spectroscopic imaging at 9.4T. METHODS Increasing the number of surface loops in a human head array improves the peripheral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the central SNR doesn't substantially change. High peripheral SNR can contaminate MR spectroscopic imaging data at both 1 H and 31 P frequency. To minimize this effect, we limited the number of elements in the 31 P array to 10, i.e., 8 transceiver surface loops circumscribing the head and 2 receive "vertical" loops placed at the superior location. The 1 H-portion of the array also consists of 10 elements, i.e., 8 transceiver surface loops circumscribing the head and 2 transceiver "vertical" loops at the superior location of the head. Both the 31 P array and 1 H array are placed in a single layer at the same distance to the head, which provides high loading and, thus, a good performance for both arrays. RESULTS Transmit efficiency of the 1 H-portion of the double-tuned array was very similar to that of the single-tuned arrays of similar size. Also, addition of the cross-loops substantially improved the brain coverage. CONCLUSION We developed a novel 31 P/1 H double-tuned array for MR spectroscopic imaging of a human brain at 9.4T. Placing both 31 P and 1 H loops in a single layer provides for high transmit efficiency at both frequencies without compromising SNR near the brain center at the 31 P-frequency. Addition of the cross-loops at the superior location improves the brain coverage. © 2020 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.In legumes, phytoglobins (Phytogbs) are known to regulate nitric oxide (NO) during early phase of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and to buffer oxygen in functioning nodules. However, their expression profile and respective role in NO control at each stage of the symbiosis remain little-known. UPF 1069 We first surveyed the Phytogb genes occurring in Medicago truncatula genome. We analyzed their expression pattern and NO production from inoculation with Sinorhizobium meliloti up to eight weeks post-inoculation. Last, using overexpression and silencing strategy, we addressed the role of the Phytogb1.1-NO couple in the symbiosis. Three peaks of Phytogb expression and NO production were detected during the symbiotic process. NO up-regulates Phytogbs1 expression and down-regulates Lbs and Phytogbs3 ones. Phytogb1.1 silencing and overexpression experiments reveal that Phytogb1.1-NO couple controls the progression of the symbiosis high NO level promotes defense responses and nodular organogenesis, whereas low NO promotes infection process and nodular development. Both NO excess and deficiency provoke a 30% inhibition of nodule establishment. In mature nodules, Phytogb1.1 regulates NO to limit its toxic effects while allowing the functioning of Phytogb-NO respiration to maintain the energetic state. This work highlights the regulatory role played by Phytogb1.1-NO couple in the successive stages of symbiosis. © 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Trust.AIM To evaluate and compare the feedback of final year undergraduate dental students in eight Malaysian dental schools on the application of a new system for classifying root canal morphology in teaching and clinical practice. METHODS One PowerPoint presentation describing two classification systems for root canal morphology (Vertucci et al. 1974 and its supplemental configurations, Ahmed et al. 2017) was delivered to final year undergraduate dental students in eight dental schools in Malaysia by two presenters (each presented to four schools). To examine students' feedback on the utility of each system, printed questionnaires consisting of six questions (five multiple choice questions and one open ended question) were distributed and collected after the lecture. The questionnaire was designed to compare the classification systems in terms of accuracy, practicability, understanding of root canal morphology and recommendation for use in preclinical and clinical courses. The exact test was used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 0.05 (P=0.05). RESULTS A total of 382 (out of 447) students participated giving a response rate of 86%. More than 90% of students reported that the new system was more accurate and more practical compared to the Vertucci system (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS The new system of Ahmed et al. (2017) for classifying root and canal morphology was favoured by final year undergraduate dental students in Malaysia. The new system has the potential to be included in the undergraduate endodontic curriculum for teaching courses related to root and canal morphology. © 2020 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Due to a substantial first-pass metabolism of oral budesonide, systemic bioavailability is low compared to other oral corticosteroids, thereby possibly avoiding adverse effects of systemic corticosteroid use. AIM To determine whether use of oral budesonide is associated with osteoporotic fractures in patients with microscopic colitis (MC). METHODS Applying data from the Danish nationwide health registries, we conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of patients with MC from 2004 to 2012. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for the association between budesonide use and osteoporotic fractures (hip, wrist and spinal fractures). RESULTS We identified 417 cases with a first occurrence of an osteoporotic fracture. Eighty-six per cent were women and the median age was 78 years. The OR for the overall association between ever-use of budesonide and any osteoporotic fractures did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.13, CI 0.88-1.47). The highest risk was observed for spinal fractures (OR 1.98, CI 0.94-4.17), where a dose-response association seemed to exist, followed by hip and wrist fractures (OR 1.17 [CI 0.79-1.73] and OR 0.99 [CI 0.66-1.47] respectively). We generally found modestly increased ORs across subgroups at suspected high or low risk of fractures (1.00-2.49). No overall dose-response association was evident (OR for doubling of cumulative dose 0.93 (CI 0.84-1.03). CONCLUSION No overall association between use of oral budesonide and osteoporotic fractures was demonstrated among individuals with MC. There seemed to be an isolated adverse effect of budesonide on the risk of spinal fractures, which appears to be dose related. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.