Chlamydia spreads to the large intestine lumen by way of multiple path ways

The main objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the occurrence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the surface water in Lake Mälaren over a period of one year and assess the spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution and seasonal trends of OMPs. The applied multi-residue method comprised 111 OMPs covering compounds with wide range of physicalal-chemical properties. In total, 46 OMPs were detected at least once above limit of quantification (LOQ). DEET (diethyltoluamide), lamotrigine, bicalutamide, tolyltriazole, caffeine, carbamazepine, metoprolol, oxazepam, cetirizine, fexofenadine, lidocaine and tramadol were detected in more than 75% of the sampling points. The highest detected concentration was found for lamotrigine with 140 ng/L. The locations Ekoln and Västeråsfjärden were identified to be most affected by OMPs pollution. In the surface water (0.5 m depth) most highest concentrations of OMPs were observed in spring and lower concentrations in summer. Antihistamine demonstrated a seasonal trend that can be related to seasonal consumption patterns. The investigation of the vertical distribution of OMPs demonstrated that thermal lake stratification can lead to different concentrations within the water column. For instance, in February the highest concentration for most OMPs was observed in the deepest sampled water depth (30 m). Two industrial chemicals, tolyltriazole and tris(2-butoxylethyl)phosphate were detected frequently and it is recommended to incorporate these compounds more regularly in future analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first one to report the occurrence and distribution of OMPs representing such wide physico-chemical properties, including industrial chemicals, in a Swedish lake. Application of H2O2 in in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for soil remediation has been limited by its rapid decomposition. However, effect of main factors involving in this phenomenon are not well understood. In this contribution, H2O2 decomposition in the six types of natural soils was investigated by kinetic analyses and soil characterizations. The grassland soil (GS) and red soil (RS) have the highest H2O2 decomposition rates (respective 0.048 and 0.069 min-1), while the paddy soil (PS) shows the lowest one (0.004 min-1). The decomposition mainly takes place on the surface adsorption sites of soil particles. PS has the highest content of SOM, which can block the active adsorption sites for H2O2 decomposition. The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and biological debris in the soil are minor. Iron and manganese containing minerals are significantly influential on H2O2 decomposition, and the soil with a higher content of clay can induce faster H2O2 decomposition. The immobilized goethite (GM) and birnessite (BM) on montmorillonite were synthesized to simulate soil minerals. Results show H2O2 decomposition rates in BM is even faster than GM when the former dosage is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the latter. This indicates the crucial role of manganese minerals although their contents are generally much lower than that of iron in the soils. This study advanced the understanding of H2O2 decomposition in the soil and bring insights for H2O2 based ISCO technology in soil remediation. Phthalates (phthalate esters, PAEs) are commonly used as plasticizers and are emerging concerns worldwide for their potential influence on the environment and general public health. Thus, identification of the negative effects and involved mechanisms of PAEs is necessary. Herein, we found that embryonic exposure of zebrafish to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) significantly induced spinal defects, such as inhibited spontaneous movement at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf), spine curvature and body length decrease at 96 hpf. The transcriptional level of the genes that are related to the development of the notochord (col8a1a and ngs), muscle (stac3, klhl41a and smyd2b) and skeleton (bmp2, spp1) were significantly altered by DEHP and DBP at 50 and 250 μg/L, which might be associated with the observed morphological changes. Notably, DBP and DEHP altered the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae at 144 hpf, which might be due to the abnormal development of the spine and skeletal system. In conclusion, phthalates caused spinal birth defects in zebrafish embryos, induced transcriptional alterations of the spinal developmental genes, and led to abnormal behavior. In almost all countries the public prefers psycho-social explanations of 'schizophrenia' to bio-genetic ones. The causal explanations of people who experience psychosis have been under-researched, and, if they diverge from the dominant bio-genetic paradigm, can be dismissed as 'lack of insight'. 701 people, from 30 countries, who completed an online survey about their experiences on antipsychotics, answered an open question about what had caused the problems for which they had been prescribed the drugs. On a 'Bio-Social' likert scale, from 1 = 'Purely Biological' to 5 = 'Purely Social', the mean score was 4.24. Thematic analysis of 1,063 causal statements produced seven themes Social (49.9%), Psychological (12.1%), Bio-genetic (11.6%), Iatrogenic (11.3%), Drug and Alcohol (6.7%), Medical Condition (4.5%) and Insomnia (4.0%). Veliparib Respondents were 13 times more likely to report predominantly or exclusively Social causes as to report predominantly or exclusively Bio-genetic causes. Those with a psychosis diagnosis were even more likely than others to report a Social cause. The causal beliefs of this sample are consistent with previous studies of people diagnosed with 'schizophrenia' and the beliefs of the public. They are also aligned with recent research into the social causes of psychosis. It is argued that rather than dismiss the beliefs as 'lack of insight' it is more respectful and productive to listen carefully and adjust our understandings and services accordingly. BRACHIONUS spp. (Rotifera Monogononta) have been introduced as ecotoxicological model-organisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Among the Brachionus spp., the monogonont rotifer Brachionus koreanus has been widely used for ecology, ecotoxicology, and evolution, thus, providing the whole genome data of B. koreanus is important for further understandings of in-depth molecular mechanisms. In this study, the completed assembly and characterization of the B. koreanus genome resulted in a total length of 85.7 Mb with 14,975 annotated genes. The final number of scaffolds was 567 with an N50 value and a GC content of 1.86 Mb and 24.35 %, respectively. Based on the fully constructed genome database, a total of 24 CYPs, 23 GSTs, two SODs, and a single CAT genes were identified and analyzed antioxidant activities (CAT, SOD, and GST), and transcriptional regulation of the entire CYPs, GSTs, SODs, and CAT in response to 2-ethyl-phenanthrene (2-ethyl-PHE) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), to demonstrate the usefulness of the whole genome library of B.