Constitutionnel along with Parametric Optimization associated with SCO2 Fischer Power Plant life

Aerodynamic efficiency behind the annual migration of monarch butterflies, the longest among insects, is an unsolved mystery. Monarchs migrate 4000 km at high-altitudes to their overwintering mountains in Central Mexico. The air is thinner at higher altitudes, yielding reduced aerodynamic drag and enhanced range. However, the lift is also expected to reduce in lower density conditions. To investigate the ability of monarchs to produce sufficient lift to fly in thinner air, we measured the climbing motion of freely flying monarchs in high-altitude conditions. An optical method was used to track the flapping wing and body motions inside a large pressure chamber. The air density inside the chamber was reduced to recreate the higher altitude densities. The lift coefficient generated by monarchs increased from 1.7 at the sealevel to 9.4 at 3000 m. The correlation between this increase and the flapping amplitude and frequency was insignificant. However, it strongly correlated to the effective angle of attack, which measures the wing to body velocity ratio. These results support the hypothesis that monarchs produce sufficiently high lift coefficients at high altitudes despite a lower dynamic pressure.Very thin metallic films deposited on a substrate often dewet upon thermal exposure, forming discrete islands of micrometer and nanometer-sized metal particles. Epigenetics inhibitor Herein, Cu islands on Si substrate, which were formed due to agglomeration (or 'dewetting') of Cu thin film at 600 °C, were exposed to thermal cycling, and the ensuing evolution in their morphology was monitored. Thermal cycling was performed between either -25 °C and 150 °C or 25 °C and 400 °C, using different heating and cooling rates. With faster heating-cooling rates, a change in the shape and size of the Cu islands was observed, whereas a slow heating-cooling rate did not induce noticeable effect on their morphology. Furthermore, the formation of new nano- and micro-sized particles, probably through the dewetting of the ultra-thin layer of Cu that was left intact during the initial agglomeration treatment, was observed during the thermal cycling performed at fast rates up to 400 °C. Finite element analysis, incorporating Anand's viscoplasticity model, revealed the existence of high strain energy density in the vicinity of the particle-Si interface when the thermal cycling is carried at a faster ramp rate, suggesting the pivotal role of thermal stresses, in addition to the maximum temperature, in controlling the morphology of the Cu particles and the dewetting of the residual ultra-thin layer of Cu on Si.The interaction of graphene with metal oxides is essential for understanding and controlling new devices' fabrication based on these materials. The growth of metal oxides on graphene/substrate systems constitutes a challenging task due to the graphene surface's hydrophobic nature. In general, different pre-treatments should be performed before deposition to ensure a homogenous growth depending on the deposition technique, the metal oxide, and the surface's specific nature. Among these factors, the initial state and interaction of graphene with its substrate is the most important. Therefore, it is imperative to study the initial local state of graphene and relate it to the early stages of metal oxides' growth characteristics. Taking as initial samples graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition on polycrystalline Cu sheets and then exposed to ambient conditions, this article presents a local study of the inhomogeneities of this air-exposed graphene and how they influence on the subsequent ZnO growth. Firstly, by spatially correlating Raman and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies at the micro and nanoscales, it is shown how chemical species present in air intercalate inhomogeneously between Graphene and Cu. The reason for this is precisely the polycrystalline nature of the Cu support. Moreover, these local inhomogeneities also affect the oxidation level of the uppermost layer of Cu and, consequently, the electronic coupling between graphene and the metallic substrate. In second place, through the same characterization techniques, it is shown how the initial state of graphene/Cu sheets influences the local inhomogeneities of the ZnO deposit during the early stages of growth in terms of both, stoichiometry and morphology. Finally, as a proof of concept, it is shown how altering the initial chemical state and interaction of Graphene with Cu can be used to control the properties of the ZnO deposits.
Evoked tympanic membrane displacement (TMD) measurements show a correlation with intracranial pressure (ICP). Attempts to use these measurements for non-invasive monitoring of ICP in patients have been limited by high measurement variability. Pulsing of the tympanic membrane at the cardiac frequency has been shown to be a significant source of the variability. In this study we describe a post processing method to remove the cardiac pulse waveform and assess the impact of this on the measurement and its repeatability.
Three-hundred and sixteen healthy volunteers were recruited for evoked TMD measurements. The measurements were quantified by V
, defined as the mean displacement between the point of maximum inward displacement and the end of the stimulus. A sample of spontaneously pulsing TMDs was measured immediately before the evoked measurements. Simultaneous recording of the ECG allowed a heartbeat template to be extracted from the spontaneous data and subtracted from the evoked data. Intra-subject repeatability of V
was assessed from 20 repeats of the evoked measurement. Results with and without subtraction of the heartbeat template were compared. The difference was tested for significance using the Wilcoxon sign rank test.
In left and right ears, both sitting and supine, application of the pulse correction significantly reduced the intra-subject variability of V
(p value range 4.0 × 10
to 2.0 × 10
). The average improvement was from 98±6 nl to 56±4 nl.
The pulse subtraction technique substantially improves the repeatability of evoked TMD measurements. This justifies further investigations to assess the use of TMD measurements in clinical applications where non-invasive tracking of changes in ICP would be useful.
The pulse subtraction technique substantially improves the repeatability of evoked TMD measurements. This justifies further investigations to assess the use of TMD measurements in clinical applications where non-invasive tracking of changes in ICP would be useful.