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Although membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is promising in nitrogen removal due to its counter-diffusion biofilms structure, it still cannot adapt a wider COD/N ratios wastewater. this website In this condition, expanding the MABR applicability range in different COD/N ratio wastewater is necessary. In this study, a bacterial-algae biofilm, instead of bacteria biofilm, supporting membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABAR) was constructed, and the performance was compared to MABR. Results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was promoted significantly in MABAR regardless of the COD/N ratio. Compared to MABR, effluent TN concentration in COD/N ratio of 2, 5, and 8 declined by 14.34 mg/L, 0.50 mg/L, and 12.10 mg/L, respectively. Nitrification inhibition test suggested that algae assimilation made an obvious contribution (at least 18.18 mg/L) to the NH4+-N removal in MABAR. Besides, redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that MABAR has a negative correlation with Nitrospirae but is positively correlated with NH4+-N removal load. These results are consistent with the kinetics result that algae assimilation, instead of nitrification-denitrification, is responsible for the nitrogen removal in MABAR. Therefore, the change of nitrogen removal route further gave MABAR excellent adaptability and impact resistance to address wastewater with different COD/N ratios, which is conducive to its wide application.The availability of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) is primarily regulated by the rates of soil N transformation, including mineralization, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification, and are sensitive to climate, plant, and soil factors. However, the interactive effects among these factors regulating soil N transformation rates in ecosystems across large spatial scales remain unclear. Here, we investigated the spatial patterns of the potential N mineralization, nitrification, ammonification, and denitrification rates in relation to plant traits and soil edaphic conditions across a 600-km precipitation gradient in secondary grasslands of South China. The soil potential N mineralization and nitrification rates significantly increased with increasing precipitation. However, the soil potential N ammonification and denitrification rates did not significantly vary with precipitation. Moreover, the soil potential N nitrification and denitrification rates significantly increased with increasing soil pH, whereas the potential N mineralization and ammonification rates decreased with increasing soil pH. The soil potential N mineralization rate was positively correlated with soil labile N but negatively correlated with soil recalcitrant C and N contents. Our results revealed that changes in soil NH4+-N and pH along precipitation gradients primarily controlled the potential N mineralization, nitrification, and ammonification rates. In contrast, soil NO3--N, soil pH, and plant N inputs predominantly regulated the potential N denitrification rate. Overall, our results reveal that soil N transformation varies along the precipitation gradient, and these results need to be considered when studying the effects of climate change on N cycling in grassland ecosystems across diverse environments.Microplastic contamination in the environment is a global problem, as evidenced by the increasing amount of research worldwide. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the microplastic distribution in Bandon Bay, one of the most important maricultural areas of Thailand. Water and sediment samples from the Tapi-Phumduang River system (n = 10) and Bandon Bay (n = 5) were collected. Water sampling at the river mouth was carried out during a complete tidal cycle to estimate the microplastic flux to the bay during the wet season. Moreover, two commercial bivalve species grown in the bay, the green mussel (Perna viridis) and lyrate Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix lyrata), were analyzed. More items of microplastics were found in the river system than in the bay. During the tide cycle, one-third of the microplastics entering the bay were washed back upstream during high tide. This backflow consisted mainly of larger microplastics. The average daily load of microplastics to the bay was 22.4 × 109 items dariculture activities within the bay. Ultimately, these microplastics may end up in the sediments and living organisms.A highly solar active AgBr/h-MoO3 composite was constructed by a facile precipitation method, and the charge separation tuning was achieved by photoreduction of AgBr. The photoreduced Ag0 on AgBr/h-MoO3 acted as charge transfer bridge to form Z-scheme heterostructure, while the high degree of Ag reduction converted the material into type-II heterostructure. The synthesized optimal material promoted charge separation and visible light activity due to the incorporation of highly solar active AgBr, which showed ca. 2 times activity on trimethoprim (TMP) degradation than h-MoO3. The contribution of reactive species on TMP degradation followed the order of O2- >1O2 > h+, which agree well with the proposed charge separation mechanism. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of TMP was proposed based on the radical quenching, intermediate analysis and DFT calculation. The toxicity analysis based on QSAR calculation showed that part of the degradation intermediates are more toxic than TMP, thus sufficient mineralization are required to eliminate the potential risks of treated water. Moreover, the material showed high stability and activity after four reusing cycles, and it is applicable to treat contaminants in various water matrix. This work is expected to provide new insight into the charge separation tuning mechanism for the AgX based heterojunction, and rational design of highly efficient photocatalysts for organic contaminants degradation by solar irradiation.Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted from agricultural soils and is influenced by nitrogen (N) fertiliser management and weather and soil conditions. Source partitioning N2O emissions related to management practices and soil conditions could suggest effective mitigation strategies. Multispecies swards can maintain herbage yields at reduced N fertiliser rates compared to grass monocultures and may reduce N losses to the wider environment. A restricted-simplex centroid experiment was used to measure daily N2O fluxes and associated isotopomers from eight experimental plots (7.8 m2) post a urea-N fertiliser application (40 kg N ha-1). Experimental pastures consisted of differing proportions of grass, legume and forage herb represented by perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), respectively. N2O isotopomers were measured using a cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument adapted with a small sample isotope module (SSIM) for the analysis of gas samples ≤20 mL.