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p between HbA1c and Wagner classification.Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) was formerly considered a rare condition. In the past decade, it has gained increasing recognition due to its close association with colorectal cancer (CRC). Diagnosis is made based on the updated World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of having serrated polyps (SPs) proximal to the rectum, all being ≥5 mm in size, with at least two being ≥10 mm in size (criterion I), and a more distal phenotype that presents with greater than 20 SPs of any size throughout the large bowel with five being proximal to the rectum (criterion II). There are three subtypes of SP hyperplastic polyp (HP), sessile serrated lesion (SSL), and traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). We present a 61-year-old Caucasian male who was referred for surveillance colonoscopy due to a history of colon polyps. A total of 28 polyps were completely removed, 21 of which were found to be SPs, three of which were >10 mm in size, meeting the WHO criteria for SPS. A follow-up colonoscopy was recommended in one year. It is now recognized that SPS are significant contributors to the development of CRC. The United States Multi-Society Preventive Task Force recently updated their consensus statement in 2020 with specific guidance for surveillance of SPs. It is important to emphasize that the diagnostic criteria apply to cumulative polyp count over the individual's lifetime. The optimal surveillance for SPS remains unclear.Background The gold standard for nerve repair is end-to-end (ETE) repair. Helicoid technique (HT) has also been previously described. In this pilot study, HT was compared to ETE and a modified helicoid weave technique (MHWT). In MHWT, recipient nerve is passed through rather than around the donor nerve, allowing for greater nerve-to-nerve interaction. Methods Eighteen adult male Lewis rats received a 2-cm sciatic nerve transection and were divided into three groups ETE, HT, and MHWT. Five months later, electromyography (EMG), tetanic force of contraction, and wet weight of the extensor digitorum longus muscle were recorded in both the operated and non-operated sides. Nerve biopsies were taken proximal and distal to the site of the nerve graft for histological examination. Results One rat died following repair surgery and three rats died during the second surgery. The mean threshold of stimulation for ETE, HT, and MHWT were 183.3 µA, 3707.5 µA, and 656.6 µA, respectively. EMG analysis revealed that latency and duration are both affected by surgical repair type and injured or uninjured conditions. Threshold ratio (injurednon-injured) revealed pilot-level significant differences between HT and both MHWT (p = 0.069) and ETE (p = 0.082). Nerve biopsy demonstrated fascicles distally in all three groups. Conclusions While HT and MHWT function as a nerve repair technique, they are not superior to ETE. ETE remains the gold standard for nerve repair. While mean values were in favor of ETE, no statistical significance was attained.Introduction Epilepsy is a burdensome disorder for affected individuals and community. There is limited data available on the epidemiological aspects of seizures in Pakistan and further research is necessary. We aimed to fill this gap by studying this information in epilepsy patients presenting to our neurology department. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the causes and types of seizures among the target population. Method This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi. In this study we evaluated the causes and types of seizures among patients presenting to our department during the two-year study duration (January 2018-December 2019). Informed consent was taken. Detailed history was taken including features of seizure episodes, age at first seizure, family history and comorbid conditions. Relevant investigations were carried out. The data was compiled to deduce the relevant information using SPSS v20.0. T-test and Chi-square were usut as the most common cause in children; head trauma was the predominant cause in adults. Most common type of seizures overall and in adults was generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures, followed by focal to bilateral tonic-clonic and focal aware seizure types. Pediatric patients presented most often with generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures, followed by mixed seizure types and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures.Introduction There is increasing recognition of dry eye disease (DED) as a significant factor influencing quality of life in seemingly normal individuals. Our goal was to determine the distribution of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores in non-clinical individuals in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods We distributed OSDI questionnaires to subjects aged > 18 years with no active ocular complaint. Examiners were selected from various areas of the city to administer questionnaires to students and the general population. The OSDI score was grouped as per the following normal (0-12 points), mild (13-22 points), moderate (23-32 points), and severe (33-100 points). Results We surveyed 2433 individuals with a mean age of 30.7±15.6 years. Additionally, the mean OSDI score was 22.4±18.7. To estimate prevalence, we used two OSDI score cutoffs >13 (64.4%) and >22 points (43.6%). Statistical significance was found using multivariate regression in the following variables age (p less then 0.001), contact lens wear (p less then 0.001), ocular allergies (p less then 0.001), hypertension (p less then 0.001), diabetes (p=0.003), and smoking (p=0.047). When graphing mean age against OSDI score, there was a large jump between the third and fourth decades; thereafter, there was a steady increase. Similarly, when plotting smoking, the score was steady until five years and then there was a sharp incline. selleck Conclusion There was a high prevalence of DED in the studied population. Additionally, many systemic and ocular factors were associated with this disease.
In pandemics, because of increased demand and subsequent shortage of commercial facemasks, people need to use cloth facemasks, although such masks are reported to provide reduced protection. These masks can be prepared in local levels from different fabric materials. In developing countries, cloth masks are preferable because of low cost and added advantages of reusability. The filtering performance of a cloth facemask depends on the facial fit and on the material properties of fabrics such as porosity, yarn spacing or packing, and pore size. selleck In resource limited settings, an affordable and easy to implement method that can assess the surface properties of cloth facemask fabrics would be important.
In this work, we developed a smartphone microscopic method for rapid screening of fabric quality. We measured the field of view of the microscope and as a proof of concept, we implemented the method to examine surfaces of sixteen locally available cloth mask fabrics.
Out of the 16 masks examined, we found very diverse yarn packing and pore morphology (pore size and shape) in the fabrics.