Hierarchical Chaos Examination Identifies Distinct Biological Claims Following Intense Brain Injury

The study of Cr(VI) adsorption mechanism revealed that the chromium adsorption was attributed to the undercoordinated Mo(IV) as active site and coupled with redox reaction during removal process. Mixed micelles of linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS) and ether sulfate-based surfactants (SLEnS) can be added in household products and cleaning agents. SLEnS with higher ethylene oxide (EO) units in the head groups have economic and environmental advantages. This work aims to assess the influence of the number of EO units in the ecotoxicity of seven variants of SLEnS-LAS micelles (0-50 EO units) in soils. Ecotoxicological tests were carried out to assess emergence and growth of four plants species and reproduction of collembolans. Most of the variants inhibited plants growth at the highest concentrations (1237.5 μg SLEnS kg-1 of soildw). For reproduction, lower number of EO units resulted in EC50 from 924.2 (95 % CL 760.7-1063.4) to 963.2 (95 % CL 676.9-1249.6) μg SLEnS kg-1 of soildw, whereas for higher number of EO units (50 and 30) no inhibition was reported. Based on these results, we suggest that a higher number of EO units contribute to less hazardous formulations, confirming that different designs of surfactants may contribute to changes in the responses of terrestrial organisms. Therefore, we demonstrate that standardized ecotoxicological assays may contribute to more sustainable and effective formulations, when used upstream, prior to manufacture and marketing. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) has excellent CH4 production performance, however, CO2 still remains in the produced biogas at high content. For achieving in-situ CO2 sequestration and thus upgrading biogas, mineral carbonation was integrated into a MEC treating sludge hydrolysate. With 19 g/L wollastonite addition, in-situ mineral CO2 sequestration was achieved by formation of calcite precipitates. CH4 content in the biogas was increased by 5.1 % and reached 95.9 %, with CH4 production improved by 16.9 %. In addition, the removals of polysaccharide, protein, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the MEC were increased by 4.4 %, 6.7 %, and 8.4 %, respectively. The generated precipitates rarely accumulated on bio-cathode, and did not significantly affect the morphology of cathode biofilm. However, integrating mineral carbonation resulted in a higher relative abundance of Methanosarcina on anode and slightly decreased the ratio of Methanobacterium to Methanosaeta on cathode, which should be noticed. In conclusion, integrating mineral carbonation is an attractive way to improve the performance of MEC by achieving in-situ CO2 sequestration, accompanied with CH4 production enhancement. In this study, we prepared poly(acryloyl hydrazide) (PAH)-grafted cellulose nanocrystal (CNC-PAH) particles via the atom transfer radical polymerization method for application to Cr(VI) adsorption. The closely-packed PAH chains grafted on the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) surface provide a high density of amine groups that can adsorb Cr(VI) through strong electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and chelating interactions. CNC-PAH exhibited the optimum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity at the solution pH = 3, where its electrostatic attraction with Cr(VI) was maximized. Cr(VI) was chemisorbed in CNC-PAH by following the Langmuir isotherm mechanism (homogeneous monolayer adsorption). The Cr(VI) adsorption kinetics of CNC-PAH was controlled predominantly by intra-particle diffusion resistance imparted by the PAH shell layer. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption of CNC-PAH is a spontaneous and endothermic process. Importantly, CNC-PAH grafted with the higher Mw (∼50 kg mol-1) PAH exhibited a rapid Cr(VI) adsorption rate and remarkably high Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (∼457.6 mg g-1 at 298.15 K), exceeding those of previously reported adsorbents owing to its numerous Cr(VI)-adsorptive amine groups provided by the closely-packed grafted PAH polymers. Furthermore, CNC-PAH showed excellent reusability to maintain its high adsorption ability during repeated adsorption-desorption cycles owing to the covalently binding nature of the PAH polymers. The present study used calcium-based magnetic biochar (Ca-MBC), a novel material made through pyrolyzing rice straw impregnated with iron oxide (Fe3O4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) under oxygen-limited conditions, to reduce arsenic (As) accumulation in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) through a 130-day pot experiment. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction confirmed that Ca-MBC decreased the unstable fraction of As through transforming to the stable fraction at both tillering stage and maturity. The addition of Ca-MBC decreased while the pristine biochar increased the concentrations of NH4H2PO4- and BCR-extracted As. The μ-XRF test revealed that iron oxide on the Ca-MBC played an important role in decreasing As bioavailability. The addition of Ca-MBC greatly decreased As concentration in rice grains, mainly due to (1) the decreases in bioavailability of As in soil and (2) adsorption of As in pore water by Ca-MBC; and (3) the enhanced formation of iron plaque that acted as a barrier for plant As uptake. Furthermore, the addition of Ca-MBC at 1% but not 2% promoted plant growth. The results suggest that Ca-MBC can be used as an efficient material to lower As accumulation in grains and promote plant growth in rice paddy fields. Phytoremediation has been employed as a cost-effective technique to remove the cadmium (Cd) from soil and water in several ecosystems. However, little is known about whether intercropping the remediating plants with rice (Oryza sativa) crop could reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains. We conducted greenhouse pot and concrete pond trials to explore the effects of intercropping alligator flag (Thalia dealbata, Marantaceae) on soil Cd remediation, paddy soil and microbial properties, and rice production. Our results suggest that intercropping with alligator flag significantly decreased Cd absorption, transportation, and accumulation from the soil to the rice grains (under 0.2 mg kg-1 at a soil Cd content below 2.50 mg kg-1). This decrease was due to the lowered Cd availability and higher soil pH in the rice-alligator flag intercropping system. Although planting alligator flag resulted in the reduction of soil NH4-N and NO3-N, Cd content in the rhizosphere was the main factor restricting microbial biomass, species, and community composition. Alligator flag could tolerate higher Cd contamination, and accumulate and stabilize more Cd in its tissues than rice. Our study suggests that alligator flag intercropped with rice has potential as a phytostabilization plant to produce rice safely for human consumption in moderately Cd-contaminated soils. Ambient particulate matter (APM) is becoming a global environmental problem that seriously jeopardizes public health. Previous evidence hinted that APM correlates to cardiovascular diseases. As a potential target, equilibrium of endothelial cell is a prerequisite for vascular health which could be vulnerably attacked by particles, but the specific mechanisms whereby APM damages endothelial cells have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, based on two classical mechanisms of oxidative stress and intracellular calcium overload, we aimed to explore their roles in APM-induced endothelial cell apoptosis from the perspective of subcellular levels, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. As a result, PM SRM1648a results in oxidative stress and calcium overload in EA.hy926 cells. Additionally, ERs and mitochondria could be severely disturbed by particles in morphology and function, characterized by swelling ERs, mitochondrial fission and disappearance of cristae, coupled with ER damage, mtROS overproduction and significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Adverse effects on these organelles are the prime culprits of following apoptosis in endothelial cells. Fortunately, additional antioxidants and calcium inhibitors could mitigate cellular lesion through improvement of subcellular function. Intriguingly, antioxidants relieve cell stress via both mitochondrial and ER stress-mediated pathways, whereas the role of calcium modulators in cell apoptosis is independent of the mitochondrial pathway but could be explained by amelioration of ER stress. compound library inhibitor In conclusion, our data basically revealed that internalized PM SRM1648a triggers oxidative stress and calcium influx in EA.hy926 endothelial cells, followed by multiple subcellular damage and eventually contributes to cell death, during which antioxidants and calcium inhibitors confer protective effects. The use of asbestos-containing products has been banned in many countries since the beginning of the 80's due to its carcinogenic properties. However, asbestos is widely present in private and public buildings, resulting in the need to process a vast amount of asbestos-containing waste. Among the current technologies for the destruction of asbestos fibers, biodegradation by fungi, lichens, and, more recently, bacteria has been described. We previously reported the involvement of the bacterial siderophore pyoverdine in the release of iron from the two asbestos groups, serpentines and amphiboles. Among the large diversity encountered in the pyoverdine family, we examined whether these siderophores can alter flocking asbestos waste as well. All the tested pyoverdines were efficient in chrysotile-gypsum and amosite-gypsum weathering, although some exhibited higher iron dissolution. Iron was solubilized by pyoverdines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mandelii in a time-dependent manner from chrysotile-gypsum within 24 h. Renewal of pyoverdine-containing supernatant every 24 or 96 h allowed iron removal from chrysotile-gypsum at each cycle, until a limit was reached after 42 days of total incubation. Moreover, the dissolution was concentration-dependent, as demonstrated for the pyoverdine of P. mandelii. Pyoverdine-asbestos weathering could therefore become an innovative method to reduce anthropogenic waste. V.Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been increasingly utilized as flame retardants in various fields due to the phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. To achieve a better understanding of the degradation of OPFRs undergoing supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process, two-dimensional and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR) models were established to investigate the factors influencing the total carbon degradation rates (kTOC). Results of the QSAR models demonstrated reliable results to estimate the kTOC values, but varied in the influencing factors. Two distinct degradation mechanisms were subsequently proposed based on the distribution of LUMO in molecules for the 2D-QSAR model. CoMFA and CoMSIA methods were applied to develop the 3D-QSAR models. Steric fields were observed to influence kTOC values more than electrostatic fields in the CoMFA model with the contribution rates of 87.2% and 12.8%, respectively. In the CoMSIA model, influence on kTOC values varies between different types of fields with the hydrophobic field being the most influential at 62.1%, followed by the steric field at 25.7% and then the electrostatic field at 10.8%. Results from this study generated critical knowledge of influencing factors on OPFRs degradation and yielded theoretical basis for estimating removal behaviors of OPFRs undergoing SCWO process. V.