Infrared Thermography from the Review involving Animals Emotional Responses A Critical Review

A co-curriculum heat map was used to illustrate the degree to which students reported these skills were emphasized through student organization involvement in the co-curriculum. Conclusion. Evaluation of activities in the context of curricular outcomes can provide a more comprehensive understanding of how the co-curriculum complements the curriculum, thereby complying with accreditation expectations. Cocurricular mapping provides valuable information regarding student skill development opportunities to multiple stakeholders (eg, students, faculty, curriculum leadership). This process can be applied to diverse programs, adapted to measure institution-specific experiences, and measure various constructs of interest. © 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.Objective. To preliminarily assess changes in Doctor of Pharmacy students' working memory performance over the course of an academic semester and to determine whether any observed changes were associated with fluctuations in stress and fatigue. Methods. Twenty-three PharmD students were recruited for this pilot study. At baseline, data were collected on students' personality, stress, fatigue, and working memory performance using two measures, the operation span and the symmetry span. Approximately every four weeks throughout the semester students' fatigue and stress levels were reassessed and they completed the two measures of working memory. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess trends over time, and correlation analysis was used to assess potential relationships between working memory and other variables. Results. The operation span, a measure of general working memory resources, showed a significant quadratic trend over time. Irrespective of time, some associations between working memory performance and fatigue were seen. Significant correlations between fatigue and the extraversion personality trait were identified. The symmetry span, a measure of visuospatial resources, did not show trends over time nor did it correlate with fatigue, stress, or personality factors. Conclusion. Pharmacy students' working memory performance may fluctuate over the course of a semester, but more research is needed to identify factors that may influence this fluctuation. © 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.Objective. To examine the feasibility and effectiveness of combining whole-task and guided reflection educational design principles with cloud-based learning technologies to simulate the clinical psychiatric advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in the classroom to begin to close the theory to practice gap. Methods. Components of the typical student experience while completing an APPE were integrated into the course experience, ie, patient case work-ups, facilitated sessions with a preceptor, personal statement of goals and progress with feedback, and intentional interaction with peer-learners. Multiple sources of quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Results. Twelve third-year pharmacy students from two campuses participated in and successfully completed this one-credit elective advanced psychiatric pharmacotherapy course. Eleven board-certified psychiatric pharmacists (BCPP) served as visiting experts, some participating for multiple weeks, and provided preceptor-like feedback to the case presentations in spring 2017. All BCPP pharmacists plus an additional geriatric pharmacist specialist participated in the course in spring 2018. Results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrated that students progressed in their readiness for APPEs and gained additional psychiatric pharmacy knowledge and evidence-based medicine decision making skills. Conclusion. Pharmacy programs are challenged to find additional ways to improve student readiness for APPEs and expand psychiatric learning opportunities to meet the increasing mental health needs across clinical settings. click here This example provides a feasible and effective strategy to do both without the requirement to create extensive new learning materials or add significant faculty workload. © 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.Leadership is a critical aspect of residency training; however, little guidance is provided in the literature regarding practical implementation of leadership training within residency programming. Programming was developed within a second-year (PGY-2) critical care residency program to meet the educational and leadership needs of the residents. The format of the meetings has evolved over time from a journal club-style format to an interdisciplinary format discussing far more than literature. With the residents taking the lead in the biweekly educational sessions, there is great opportunity for leadership development. Similar programming has the potential to strengthen residency experiences for residents in other programs. © 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.Objective. To design, implement, and psychometrically evaluate a situational judgement test (SJT) to use as a formative assessment of pharmacy students' non-academic skills in an Australian-based university. Methods. An SJT was developed using a previously validated design process including involvement of subject matter experts. The first phase included design of a blueprint through stakeholder consultation and the development of bespoke attribute definitions and a tool specification. Following on from this, SJT items were developed through subject matter expert interviews and in-depth review process. Results. Students (702) from four different cohorts (first through fourth years) of a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree program completed the situational judgment test. Data from 648 students was eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The SJT demonstrated good reliability, appropriateness for use (difficulty and quality), fairness, and face validity. The variability in students' scores suggested that the SJT may be a useful metric to identify students most in need of additional support. Conclusion. Evaluation of the SJT demonstrated that the tool was valid, reliable, fair and appropriate to use as a formative assessment. Through implementing an SJT such as this, pharmacy students are provided the opportunity to receive feedback on their non-academic skills and consider how to approach challenging or unfamiliar situations before entering the profession. © 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.Objective. To explore and evaluate pharmacy students' perceptions of the value and relevance of virtual community and virtual hospital on-campus placement programs. Methods. Students enrolled in a Master of Pharmacy program completed the required Virtual Community Placement (VCP) program and/or the Virtual Hospital Placement (VHP) program. A six-item questionnaire was administered to students after completion of each of the virtual programs to elicit students' perceptions of the value and relevance of the virtual programs. Additional data related to the relevance of specific workshops were collected, including students' self-reported confidence levels to undertake placement in a real-world setting following completion of the virtual programs. Results. Surveys were completed by 61 students in the VCP program and 50 students in the VHP program. Students perceived the virtual programs to be beneficial, with the majority (84% of the VCP students and 98% of the VHP students) reporting that the programs should be an essential component of any pharmacy degree. The majority of students (72%) self-reported an increase in their confidence levels in undertaking a real-world experiential placement after they completed their virtual hospital placement. Conclusion. Completing virtual placement programs prior to pharmacy students beginning their first "real world" pharmacy placements had a positive effect on student learning and confidence levels. Pharmacy students' feedback from this study regarding the relevance of specific learning modules and laboratory sessions will inform future curriculum development of the virtual placement programs. © 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.Obstetric fistula is a hidden tragedy in the developing world, prevention is important and treatment is by surgical repair. However, failure, broken fistula, stress incontinence often demoralizes surgeons and patients. Keywords Fistula repair; Obstetric fistula; Obstructed delivery.The promulgation of constitution of Nepal in 2015 has shifted the unitary government of Nepal towards federalism with significant devolution of power to seven newly created provinces, each with their own unicameral legislature. The major challenges during the transition phase in health sector are spillover effects, unclear roles and responsibilities of local authorities, human resource management and strengthening capacity at local level as per local need. Despite these challenges, federalism brings fertile ground for the local government to work more closely with their people; with more effective financing and planning based on evidences and their need. Keywords Federalism; health sector; Nepal; challenges; opportunities.Varicella Zoster is dermatomal neuropathic disease caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus, characterized by vesico-bullous eruptions. The sacral dermatomal involvement in shingles is a rare phenomenon but well recognized cause of urinary retention, bladder dysfunction but rarely erectile dysfunction. We present a case of sacral herpes zoster with erectile dysfunction in a sexually active adult male. Keywords Erectile Dysfunction; herpes zoster; Nepal.Calcific tendinitis occurs frequently in shoulder and hip region. Its occurrence in elbow joint is frequently misdiagnosed because of its rare incidence and similar clinical presentation with other acute conditions of elbow like trauma, infection and tennis elbow. Characteristic symptoms of this condition are acute onset of pain, tenderness and swelling on the lateral aspect the elbow. Plain Radiograph is the primary modality to distinguish and evaluate this condition. Awareness and familiarity with this condition helps in early diagnosis and avoids unnecessary treatments and biopsy as this condition is self-limited. Keywords Calcific tendinitis; self-limited; tennis elbow.The pinnacle of success achieved by the medical science and the benefits accrued to the patients have become possible through the medical research where human participants in the research are exposed to hazards inherent to the experiments. To protect the human subjects and to maintain high ethical standards, the World Medical Association has adopted "The Declaration of Helsinki" in 1964. After two years of consultation with the experts throughout the world, the seventh revision of the Declaration was adopted on 19th October 2013 in Brazil. The aim of this article is to review the seventh revision of the Declaration of Helsinki in relation to medical research involving human subjects and highlight the amendments made in the latest revision which are relevant to clinical research in human subjects. The latest revision has made four substantial changes on the existing Declaration, whch include dealing with the compensation of the trial-related injuries, approval of use of placebos in the clinical trials, protection of vulnerable groups and the post-trial provisions.