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Rare cardiac genetic diseases have generally been considered to be broadly Mendelian in nature, with clinical genetic testing for these conditions predicated on the detection of a primary causative rare pathogenic variant that will enable cascade genetic screening in families. However, substantial variability in penetrance and disease severity among carriers of pathogenic variants, as well as the inability to detect rare Mendelian variants in considerable proportions of patients, indicates that more complex aetiologies are likely to underlie these diseases. Recent findings have suggested genetic variants across a range of population frequencies and effect sizes may combine, along with non-genetic factors, to determine whether the threshold for expression of disease is reached and the severity of the phenotype. The availability of increasingly large genetically characterized cohorts of patients with rare cardiac diseases is enabling the discovery of common genetic variation that may underlie both variable penetrance in Mendelian diseases and the genetic aetiology of apparently non-Mendelian rare cardiac conditions. It is likely that the genetic architecture of rare cardiac diseases will vary considerably between different conditions as well as between patients with similar phenotypes, ranging from near-Mendelian disease to models more akin to common, complex disease. Uncovering the broad range of genetic factors that predispose patients to rare cardiac diseases offers the promise of improved risk prediction and more focused clinical management in patients and their families. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.Secondary mitral regurgitation and secondary tricuspid regurgitation due to heart failure (HF) remain challenging in almost every aspect increasing prevalence, poor prognosis, notoriously elusive in diagnosis, and complexity of therapeutic management. Recently, defined HF subgroups according to three ejection fraction (EF) ranges (reduced, mid-range, and preserved) have stimulated a structured understanding of the HF syndrome but the role of secondary valve regurgitation (SVR) across the spectrum of EF remains undefined. This review expands this structured understanding by consolidating the underlying phenotype of myocardial impairment with each type of SVR. Selleck Muvalaplin Specifically, the current understanding, epidemiological considerations, impact, public health burden, mechanisms, and treatment options of SVR are discussed separately for each lesion across the HF spectrum. Furthermore, this review identifies important gaps in knowledge, future directions for research, and provides potential solutions for diagnosis and treatment. Mastering the challenge of SVR requires a multidisciplinary collaborative effort, both, in clinical practice and scientific approach to optimize patient outcomes. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2020. For permissions, please email [email protected] preserving hybrid surgery with endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery and open surgery (HELPS) was created for resectable cervical esophageal cancer (CEC) invading the hypopharynx. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness and to evaluate the feasibility of the new HELPS treatment method. Between 2014 and 2018, 19 patients with CEC invading the hypopharynx were treated with HELPS. The postoperative complications and survival rates were reviewed. Postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in four patients. All patients consumed food orally without a feeding tube at the time of the discharge. The median follow-up period was 27 months. The 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 94.7 and 71.5%, respectively. HELPS, a new surgical treatment method that utilizes endoscopic surgery, is effective, feasible and beneficial for preserving the larynx in patients with CEC even if the tumor invaded the pharynx. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] is highly desirable to improve charge separation and to provide catalytic functions for the efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) on g-C3N4 (CN). Here, dimension-matched ultrathin NiMOF/CN heterojunctions have been successfully constructed by the in situ growth of NiMOF nanosheets on hydroxylated and 1,4-aminobenzoic acid (AA) functionalized CN nanosheets, respectively, with ultrasonic assistance. The resultant NiMOF/CN heterojunctions exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities for the CO2RR to produce CO and CH4, especially NiMOF/CN-AA, which had photoactivity 18 times higher than that of bare CN. Based on the surface photovoltage responses, wavelength-dependent photocurrent action spectra, electrochemical impedance spectra, and CO2 electrochemical reduction data, it is clearly confirmed that the exceptional photoactivity mainly resulted from the favorable charge transport properties of ultrathin CN and coupled NiMOF, and from the greatly enhanced charge separation via excited high-level electron transfer from CN to NiMOF in the resultant intimately contacted heterojunction caused by the induction effect of AA, and also from the provided catalytic functionality of the central Ni(ii) for CO2 activation. This work provides a feasible synthetic protocol to fabricate MOF-containing dimension-matched heterojunctions with good charge separation for efficient photocatalysis.Salt metathesis, i.e. the reaction of sodium β-diketiminate with (AlCp*)4 and GaCp*, respectively, is a valuable pathway to access the respective aluminium(i) and gallium(i) β-diketiminates I and II. The protocol gives better yields compared to the established procedures and avoids the use of strong reducing agents such as metallic potassium. Furthermore, the aluminium(i) β-diketiminate I was found to react with itself and yields upon C-N bond cleavage and hydrogen-atom transfer the asymmetric dinuclear aluminium(iii) complex V that is readily separated from I by crystallisation. The reaction mechanism has been probed by means of DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations and the computational findings are in good agreement with the experimental observations.