Quantity of soluble fiber packages inside the baby anterior talofibular ligament

Bispecific antibody (BsAb) has two different antigen-binding sites, divided into the "IgG-like" format and the "non-IgG-like" format. Different formats have different characteristics and applications. BsAb has higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional antibodies, with special functions such as recruitment of immune cells and blocking of dual signaling pathways, playing an important role in immune-diagnosis and therapy. With the deterioration of the global environment and the irregular living habits of people, the incidence of tumor is becoming higher and higher. Tumor becomes the most serious fatal disease threatening human health after cardiovascular disease. There are 12 million estimated new tumor cases each year worldwide. The major clinical treatments of tumor are surgical resection, chemoradiotherapy, target therapy. Tumor immunotherapy is a novel approach for tumor treatment in recent years, and activates human immune system to control and kill tumor cells. Although the traditional monoclonal antibodies have already acquired some therapeutic effects in tumor targeted therapy and immunotherapy, they induce drug resistance resulted from the heterogeneity and plasticity of tumors. Binding to two target antigens at the same time, BsAb has been used in the clinical treatment of tumors and obtained promising outcomes. This review elaborates the research progress and applications of bispecific antibody in clinical tumor therapy.Metabolic syndrome is a global chronic epidemic. Its pathogenesis is determined by genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic modification is reported to regulate gene expression without altering its nucleotide sequences. In recent years, epigenetic modification is sensitively responded to environmental signals, further affecting the gene expression and signaling transduction. Among these regulators, chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose non fermentable, SWI/SNF) complex subunit Baf60a plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis in mammals. In this paper, we described the pathophysiological roles of Baf60a in maintaining the balance of energy metabolism, including lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, urea metabolism, as well as their rhythmicity. Therefore, in-depth understanding of Baf60a-orchestrated transcriptional network of energy metabolism will provide potential therapeutic targets and reliable theoretical supports for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.Laboratory evolution is an important approach to improve the performance of microorganisms. In the past decades, the methods for laboratory evolution have developed rapidly and applied widely. However, the commonly used evolution strategies for strains or specific proteins cannot achieve continuous mutation, and require multiple rounds of operation, therefore they are considered as a labor intensive process. The development of mutation and screening technologies have facilitated the development of continuous evolution in vivo and greatly improved the efficiency of laboratory evolution. The continuous in vivo evolution achieves in vivo mutation, perfectly combining mutation with screening to evolve a specific phenotype with minimal human intervention. This review summarizes the recent advances of in vivo continuous evolution technologies for either genome-scale mutation or evolution of specific proteins. The principles of these technologies and their applications are introduced. On this basis, the advantages and limitations of these technologies are discussed. We also give a perspective of future development of continuous in vivo evolution.Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable organic carbon resource on earth. However, due to its complex structure, it must undergo a series of pretreatment processes before it can be efficiently utilized by microorganisms. Paeoniflorin The pretreatment process inevitably generates typical inhibitors such as furan aldehydes that seriously hinder the growth of microorganisms and the subsequent fermentation process. It is an important research field for bio-refining to recognize and clarify the furan aldehydes metabolic pathway of microorganisms and further develop microbial strains with strong tolerance and transformation ability towards these inhibitors. This article reviews the sources of furan aldehyde inhibitors, the inhibition mechanism of furan aldehydes on microorganisms, the furan aldehydes degradation pathways in microorganisms, and particularly focuses on the research progress of using biotechnological strategies to degrade furan aldehyde inhibitors. The main technical methods include traditional adaptive evolution engineering and metabolic engineering, and the emerging microbial co-cultivation systems as well as functional materials assisted microorganisms to remove furan aldehydes.As a green and economic emerging technology, biological desulfurization is popular. However, biological desulfurization is inhibited by organosulfur in the treatment gases which cannot be ignored. This article summarizes relevant studies on the influence of organosulfur on biological desulfurization in recent years, including the types and physicochemical characteristics of organosulfur, the influence of organosulfur on the desulfurization process, the reaction mechanism of organosulfur, the interplay between organosulfur and some operating conditions, and species of microorganisms that are tolerant to organosulfur. Methods for mitigating the effect of organosulfur on the desulfurization process are discussed, to provide references for the stable and efficient operation of biological desulfurization.Resource utilization is an effective way to cope with the rapid increase of kitchen waste and excess sludge, and volatile fatty acids produced by anaerobic fermentation is an important way of recycling organic waste. However, the single substrate limits the efficient production of volatile fatty acids. In recent years, volatile fatty acids produced by anaerobic co-fermentation using different substrates has been widely studied and applied. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of fermentation to produce acid using kitchen waste and excess sludge alone or mixture. Influences of environmental factors and microbial community structure on the type and yield of volatile fatty acids in the anaerobic fermentation system are discussed in detail. Moreover, we propose future research directions, to provide a reference for recycling kitchen waste and excess sludge.