Repetitive Covid19 Disease Is out there An incident Collection Via Pakistan

The temporal bone consists of complex anatomy, and the presence of various vital structures in close proximity makes the surgery of temporal bone highly challenging. Such a surgery requires years of training under the direct observation of trainers. Over the course of history, different training models have been adopted by experts to help train the young surgeons in this complex procedure. Cadaveric dissections of the temporal bone remains the gold standard in training of residents as the cadavers present the actual anatomical details which the surgeons encounter while operating on patients. However, due to scarcity of available cadavers, their one-time-only usage and high cost of involved in such trainings, experts have developed newer techniques of training, including three-dimensional reconstruction models and virtual reality simulators. Most of the literature on simulation in training of residents focuses on anatomical understanding and development of the surgical technique. There has been significant improvement in these techniques over time. With the addition of haptic feedback in the newer virtual simulation models, simulation has edged closer to basic modules of temporal bone dissection. the current review article was planned to have an overview of the different techniques in detail that are currently being in used.This descriptive review of the output of the orthopaedic residency programme of Aga Khan University, Karachi, comprised information regarding the number of graduated residents and their educational background which was retrieved from departmental records. Information about their work location, subspecialty, current working status, participation in medical camps and national disaster relief efforts were obtained from various sources, including fellow surgeons, and social media profiles. From 1989 to 2017, a total of 48 residents graduated from the programme, with only 2(4.2%) of them being females. Overall, 19(39.6%) residents hailed from areas outside Karachi; 28(58.3%) belonged to Karachi; 1(2%) came from Kenya; 41(85.4%) remained to serve in Pakistan working mostly in tertiary healthcare centres; and 7(14.6%) moved abroad on consultancy and teaching assignments. Subspecialty training had a general trend towards general orthopaedics and trauma 21(43.7%), followed by arthroplasty surgery 13(27%).The apprenticeship model has been used for long in surgical training. It initially provides opportunity to the trainee to observe the attending surgeon, followed by gradual introduction to surgical technique under direct supervision and later with detached supervision. this website The attending provides informal feedback at different intervals to the trainee. Several changes have been made in postgraduate programmes with a shift towards using workplace-based assessment tools for formative and summative evaluation of the trainee's clinical skills.The coronovirus disease-2019 pandemic has severely impacted surgical education and training in Pakistan and worldwide, causing problems, such as risk of infection, limited hands-on training, examination delays, and trainee redeployment to non-surgical specialties. The current review was planned to describe innovative strategies adopted by surgical training programmes worldwide in order to suggest comprehensive recommendations at the level of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan and individual institutions to counter the challenges presented by the pandemic in Pakistan. The innovative use of technology, including open-access online educational portals, virtual educational activities and simulation-based learning, can help reform education delivery during the pandemic. Hospitals' implementation of "shift schedules" for rotations helps continue training while minimising risks. Moreover, examination boards and residency programmes must appropriately tailor their eligibility criteria and assessment processes to the current situation. Lastly, it is vital to safeguard trainees' mental wellness during the pandemic and after by ensuring readily available professional psychological support when needed.The healthcare environment in surgery is complex, dynamic and often ambiguous. Besides subject knowledge and technical skills, other competencies, such as team work, communication skills and situation awareness, are required to ensure better patient-related outcome. Teams that demonstrate poor non-technical skills make more technical errors, often resulting in patient morbidity or mortality. Different hospital-based locations, such as operating rooms, intensive care units, emergency rooms and surgical wards, are the areas where poor team dynamics prevail. Simulation-based team training is a strategy to provide inter-professional training and experiential learning opportunities for surgeons, anaesthetists and allied health professionals. It helps them to effectively respond in complex situations in complex surgical environment. Simulation-based team training has 3 components; didactics, simulation itself, and debriefing. Literature has shown that simulation-based team training in surgery improves identification of team-based behaviours, improves team performance and overall patient safety.Surgery is a dynamic specialty and surgical competencies are a combination of both technical and non-technical skills. After the inception of the art of surgery, surgical education and training has undergone incredible evolution. The first model of surgical training was introduced in the 19th century and is known as the 'apprenticeship model', followed by the famous 'Halstedian' model. However, a report by the Institute of Medicine challenged the teaching institutions to formulate alternative methods of surgical education to ensure patients' safety and to reduce the fear among patients of them being practised on. Teaching surgical skills outside the operating room to ensure patient safety has laid the foundation of simulation-based training in surgical education. More recently, the focus of surgical training and residency has shifted to competency and outcome-based models. The current review article was planned to describe the evolution and transformation of surgical training over time.