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Studying neuroendocrine behavioral regulatory mechanisms in a variety of species across vertebrate groups is critical for determining how they work in natural contexts, how they evolved, and ultimately what can be generalized from them, potentially even to humans. All of the above are difficult, at best, if work within our field is exclusively done in traditional laboratory organisms. The importance of comparative approaches for understanding the relationships between hormones and behavior has been recognized and advocated for since our field's inception through a series of papers centered upon a poetic metaphor of Snarks and Boojums, all of which have articulated the benefits that come from studying a diverse range of species and the risks associated with a narrow focus on "model organisms." This mini-review follows in the footsteps of those powerful arguments, highlighting some of the comparative work since the latest interactions of the metaphor that has shaped how we think about three major conceptual frameworks within our field, two of them formalized - the Organization/Activation Model of sexual differentiation and the Social Brain Network - and one, context-dependency, that is generally associated with virtually all modern understandings of how hormones affect behavior. Comparative approaches are broadly defined as those in which the study of mechanism is placed within natural and/or evolutionary contexts, whether they directly compare different species or not. Studies are discussed in relation to how they have either extended or challenged generalities associated with the frameworks, how they have shaped subsequent work in model organisms to further elucidate neuroendocrine behavioral regulatory mechanisms, and how they have stimulated work to determine if and when similar mechanisms influence behavior in our own species. Human sucrase enzyme is a key therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. While sugarcane sucrase inhibitor (sucinh) modulates invertase activity thereby accumulates sucrose. Molecular level understanding of sucinh towards mammalian α-glucosidases is scarce. The interaction of sucinh with human sucrase was identified and the association of these proteins was confirmed using co-purification, co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assay. In addition, microscale thermophoresis assay showed that sucinh has a tight binding with sucrase (Kd = 4.77 nM) and a better affinity over acarbose. Collectively, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico data revealed that sucinh is selective for intestinal sucrase. The M region (H5/6 loop) of sucinh identified at the protein-protein interface is shown to have high affinity over N and C regions. Whereas, the biolayer luminescent imaging and microscale thermophoresis on the synthetic peptide of 28-amino acids of M region has a weak dose-dependent binding with sucrase. However, the synthetic peptide did not show substantial inhibition of sucrase and amylase activities at low concentration. Naturally derived carbohydrate mimics were shown to have a positive impact at the in vitro conditions. The insights obtained in this study give clues towards a new class of bioactive therapeutic peptides for α-glucosidases. A new horizon towards polypeptides derived from food sources emerge as a promising strategy for dietary interventions for prediabetic conditions. V.Recently, polymer based biomaterials are utilized in medical fields including surgical sutures, drug delivery devices, tissue supports and implants for interior bone fixation. However, polymer based implants leads to the formation of bio-films that are highly susceptible to microbial adhesion. In this study, we have fabricated Chitosan/Polyvinyl alcohol/Graphene oxide/Hydroxyapatite/gold films for potential orthopedic application. Graphene oxide/Hydroxyapatite/gold nanocomposite (GO/HAP/Au) was synthesized by simple hydrothermal method and GO/HAP/Au nanocomposite incorporated polymeric film was fabricated using gel casting method. The morphology, phase composition, crystalline structure and chemical state of the nanocomposite were characterized using as XRD, HR-TEM, FE-SEM and FT-IR. The bio-films were found to be biocompatible with mouse mesenchymal cells and it enhanced osteoblast differentiation as evidenced by more alkaline phosphatase activity at the cellular level. Hence, these results suggested that the developed nanocomposites films are osteogenic potential for treating bone and bone-related diseases. Antibacterial analysis of the films shows high inhibition zones against Gram positive and Gram Negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Thus, the obtained nanocomposites bio-films are highly biocompatible and it can be used for bone regeneration application. This study aims to determine the antitumor potential of cashew gum in vitro and in vivo. The cashew gum (CG) structure is similar to already showed in literature. The cytotoxicity effect of CG was performed by MTT assay, and B16-F10 melanoma model was used to evaluate antitumor effect. The tumor inhibition was calculated based on tumor weight. Hematological, histopathological, FTIR, oxidative stress and Western Blot analysis were performed to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition and toxic effects. As results, CG did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in vitro, however showed a significant tumor inhibition in vivo, with about 36.9 to 43% of reduction in tumor mass, with no toxicity to organs. Animals treated with CG did not show toxicity in normal tissues, FTIR spectrum and oxidative stress analysis of the tumor tissue indicated that CG cause tumor inhibition with the presence of apoptosis morphotype cells, without alterations in the levels of antioxidants components. In addition, it was observed that CG reduced the expression of γH2AX without changing the expression of caspase-3. With this, we can suggest that this polymer can assist in the anticancer activity and/or decrease the side effects of standard drugs used in treatment of cancer. selleck chemicals V.The aim of this study was to optimize the mechanical and texture properties of edible film improving its antibacterial property after adding rosemary essential oil (REO) using a Doehlert matrix. Films with the highest mechanical properties were acquired using a polymer composition of 65.2% glycerol, 24.3% gelatin, 10.0% chitosan and 0.5% pectin. This composition provided the highest elongation at break, tensile strength and texture values, which were respectively 51.60 ± 6.04%, 8.53 ± 2.36 MPa and 13.67 ± 1.43. The antibacterial activity of REO enriched films against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli was enhanced when applying a mixture of 1.995 and 1.250 mg/g of two REO extracted from two rosemary different varieties. The structural, optical and barrier properties of the films were evaluated. To conclude, the enriched film showed potential coatings for controlling most common food borne bacteria growth during the food storage. V.