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Objective This study aims to explore the effects of exosomes derived from G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 interacting protein 1 (GIT1)-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (GIT1-BMSC-Exos) on the treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model.Methods All the rats underwent a T10 laminectomy. A weight-drop impact was performed using a 10-g rod from a height of 12.5 mm except the sham group. Rats with SCI were distributed into three groups randomly and then treated with tail vein injection of GIT1-BMSCs-Exos, BMSCs-Exos and PBS, respectively. selleck products The effects of GIT1-Exos on glutamate (GLU)-induced apoptosis in vitro were also evaluated by TUNEL staining.Results The results showed that rats treated with GIT1-BMSCs-Exos had better functional behavioral recovery than those treated with PBS or BMSCs-Exos only. The overexpression of GIT1 in BMSCs-Exos not only restrained glial scar formation and neuroinflammation after SCI, but also attenuated apoptosis and promoted axonal regeneration in the injured lesion area. Neuronal cell death induced by GLU was controlled remarkably in vitro as well.Conclusion In conclusion, our study suggested that the application of GIT1-BMSCs-Exos may provide a novel avenue for traumatic SCI treatment.Background and Aim Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is currently used in neonates after mechanical ventilation though it may occasionally be associated with air leaks syndromes or it may fail to support the baby. The pressure difference offered by bilevel continuous positive distending pressure (BiPAP) respect to CPAP may be an advantage to the spontaneously breathing patient. In this study, we compared the efficacy of CPAP and BiPAP in the firstweek post-extubation in a series of very preterm infants.Methods Inborn neonates less than 30 weeks of gestational age who were intubated shortly after birth from January 2011 to December 2017 were enrolled in a retrospective study. The attending clinician assessed the patients for non-invasive respiratory support readiness and allocated them to CPAP (PEEP 4-6 cmH2O) or BiPAP (PEEP 4-5 cmH2O, rate 10-40; Thigh 0.7-1.2; upper-pressure level 8-10 cmH2O). Both techniques were compared for preventing extubation failure within 7 days from extubation as defined per local protocol (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes were definitive failure of extubation, pneumothorax during non-invasive respiratory support, periventricular leukomalacia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus and retinopathy of prematurity at discharge.Results We enrolled 134 neonates; the CPAP group included 89 babies while 45 received BiPAP. Patients did not differ for their general characteristics (EG, antenatal steroids, incidence of SGA, maternal hypertension, surfactant replacement therapy). Short term extubation failure was significantly higher in the former group (23/89 in CPAP vs 5/45 in BiPAP; p = .005). No infant developed air leak syndrome. Secondary outcomes were comparable between groups. Multivariate analysis showed that on the whole population the extubation failure was correlated to the insurgence of late-onset sepsis.Conclusion BiPAP safely reduced early extubation failure compared to CPAP in our cohort of very preterm neonates within 7 days from extubation.Context Cepharanthine (CEP) extracted from the roots of Stephania cepharantha Hayata (Menispermaceae), has a range of therapeutic potential in clinical conditions. Whether it affects the activity of human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes remains unclear.Materials and methods The effects of CEP (100 μM) on eight human liver CYP isoforms (i.e., 1A2, 3A4, 2A6, 2E1, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19 and 2C8) were investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes (HLMs) with specific probe actions and probe substrates. In addition, the enzyme kinetic parameters were calculated.Results The results showed that the activity of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9 was inhibited by CEP, with IC50 values of 16.29, 25.62 and 24.57 μM, respectively, but other CYP isoforms were not affected. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that CEP was not only a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 but also a competitive inhibitor of CYP2E1 and CYP2C9, with Ki values of 8.12, 11.78 and 13.06 μM, respectively. Additionally, CEP is a time-dependent inhibitor for CYP3A4 with KI/Kinact value of 10.84/0.058 min/μM.Discussion and conclusions The in vitro studies of CEP with CYP isoforms indicate that CEP has the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions with other co-administered drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the significance of this interaction.Backgrounds Otosclerosis is the cause of between 5% and 9% of all deafness cases and between 18% and 22% of conductive hearing loss cases. Neurosensory deafness develops in 30% of patients with otosclerosis.Aims/Objectives The aim was to seek a correlation that would reflect the dependence of the results of middle ear surgery on the type of abnormalities atypical of otosclerosis but found during the stapedotomy surgery.Materials and Methods The analysis included 140 patients who underwent surgery for otosclerosis. The hearing of all patients was assessed using an audiometric test.Results In the assessment of changes in the mean bone conduction values, statistically significant differences between the reference group and the subgroup of patients on whom a myringoplasty was performed, as well as in patients with adhesions present in the middle ear spaces, were found only for the 500 Hz frequency.Conclusion and Significance The removal of abnormalities, such as the loss of the eardrum (iatrogenic), changes to the lining and adhesions other than those typical of otosclerosis, restores middle ear mechanics after a stapedotomy on the inner ear and leads to a measurable improvement in mean bone conduction values.BACKGROUND Elevated serum uric acid (SUA) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality risk in the general population, but the impact of UA on mortality in hemodialysis patients is still controversial. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between SUA and all-cause mortality and CV mortality in hemodialysis patients. METHODS This retrospective, observational cohort study included 210 HD patients with a mean age of 56.6 ± 16.6 years. All demographic and laboratory data were recorded at baseline. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression model were used to examine the association between SUA and all-cause mortality and CV mortality in HD patients. RESULTS With 420 µmol/L (20th percentile) and 644 µmol/L (80th percentile) as the boundary points, the patients were divided into three groups. After a median follow-up of 49.8 months, 68 (32.4%) all-cause deaths and 34 (16.2%) CV deaths were recorded. The Kaplan-Meier method showed that with a decrease in SUA, all-cause mortality (log rank χ2 = 15.